Variation in Total Phenolic Compounds,Anthocyanin and Monoterpene Content of ‘Muscat Hamburg’ Table Grape Variety (V. vinifera L.) as Affected by Cluster Thinning and Early and Late Period Basal Leaf Removal Treatments

Cluster thinning (CT) and basal leaf removal (BLR) are common canopy management practices used in grape growing. In recent years, novel viticultural techniques have been evolved all around the world to decrease costs of yield management, causing improvement in grape quality. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of CT and early and late period BLR treatments on yield and quality components of cv. ‘Muscat Hamburg’. While BLR treatments were performing at pre-bloom (PB, early), berry set (BS), berries with pea size (PS), verasion (V), CT treatment was conducted at verasion period. Compared to Control, while the total phenolic compounds content, total anthocyanin content, free volatile terpenes content and potentially volatile terpenes content were made better by CT treatment and BLR treatments applied from berry set to verasion period gradually raised all these quality components.     

Application timing and concentration of abscisic acid affect the quality of ‘Redglobe’ grapes

Summary

The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA), the concentration of which increases in grape berry skins at the onset of maturation (veraison), appears to be involved in the regulation of anthocyanin accumulation. Preliminary tests suggested that exogenous applications of ABA could improve grape berry colour, but its high cost precluded the development of commercial applications. Recently, a lower-cost ABA production method was developed, which led to the evaluation of different concentrations of ABA, applied at or around veraison, on the quality of ‘Redglobe’ grapes. In two of three years of tests, several ABA treatments enhanced the anthocyanin content of grape skins. ABA, applied at approx. 300 mg l^–1 at veraison, may be required to reliably increase pigmentation, and improve the colour of ‘Redglobe’ grapes. Although the total anthocyanin content was increased by ABA treatment, anthocyanin composition was not affected. Applications of ABA had few effects on fruit size or composition, although they did cause fruit softening, which is undesirable. A secondary objective of this study was to determine how the anthocyanin content of berry skins affected berry colour characteristics. Strong curvilinear relationships between anthocyanin content and lightness and hue showed that these colour characteristics were saturated by anthocyanin contents over 0.02 mg cm^–2 of skin. These data suggest that colour measurements may be needed to evaluate the effect of cultural practices on colour in table grapes.     

两种叶幕类型‘摩尔多瓦’葡萄套袋果实花色苷代谢的差异

为了研究水平叶幕和直立叶幕所构成的微域环境对套袋葡萄果实花色苷代谢的影响,分别以棚架、篱架代表水平叶幕和直立叶幕,连续两年对棚架和篱架的‘摩尔多瓦’葡萄进行套袋,于果实膨大期开始实时监控果穗袋内微环境的温度和湿度;从转色期至果实成熟,测定不同发育阶段浆果果皮花色苷单体组分与含量,以及果皮花色苷代谢途径相关基因表达量与酶活性,分析果实品质差异。结果表明,2015年、2016年棚架水平叶幕下套袋果实袋内的高温极值及高温比例和湿度波动幅度与篱架直立叶幕套袋相比均有明显降低;连续两年成熟果实还原糖含量分别比篱架套袋的高18.33%和15.41%,且棚架的果实酸度较低;2015年测定棚架套袋果实的单宁及花色苷含量分别比篱架套袋的提高22.32%和35.29%,果实果皮红色度显著提高,而2016年夏季较冷凉,棚架套袋果实的总酚、黄烷醇、类黄酮含量分别比篱架套袋降低10.72%、10.97%和45.04%。2015年花后77 d,棚架套袋果实的花色苷单体含量较高,但到花后91 d时,篱架套袋果实花色苷单体含量补偿性增加。成熟果实果皮中均检测到21种花色苷单体,棚架套袋葡萄花色苷双糖苷化、甲基化及总修饰度均高于篱架套袋果实,但有19种花色苷单体含量低于篱架套袋果实。花后63~105 d,除Vv OMT外,棚架与篱架套袋葡萄花色苷代谢途径中Vv UFGT、Vv LDOX、Vv5GT和Vv PPO基因表达变化趋势一致,但相关酶活性差异较大。由此可见,水平叶幕可降低果实微域环境的温湿度,增加套袋果实品质及花色苷单体修饰程度,但降低花色苷单体含量,并影响花色苷代谢途径中相关酶基因的表达量及活性。     

金雀异黄素和环鸟苷酸调控离体葡萄果实花青苷积累

以离体‘巨峰’葡萄为材料,观察到金雀异黄素（GNT）对果皮花青苷积累的促进效应,而且证明GNT的诱导过程（约10 ~ 12 h）不需要光照,但其后的花青苷积累却依赖于光照。如果在GNT预处理后6 h内用环鸟苷酸（cGMP）处理,可以明显抑制GNT的促进效应,但在GNT预处理后12 h再用cGMP处理,则抑制效应消失。半定量RT-PCR检测表明,光和GNT诱导葡萄果皮花青苷合成相关基因PAL、CHS和UFGT表达量上调,而对LDOX表达量无明显影响;cGMP处理抑制了GNT诱导的PAL和CHS等基因表达的促进作用,说明GNT和cGMP相互拮抗,共同调控葡萄果皮花青苷积累。     

Enhancing Skin Color and Phenolic Compounds of Cv. Red Globe Table Grape (<Emphasis Type="Italic">V. Vinifera</Emphasis> L.) Utilizing of Different Preharvest Treatments

Foliar sprayings of grapevines with different plant growth regulators or chemicals were evaluated for determining grape skin color and phenolic compounds content and enhancing table grape quality characteristics of cv. Red Globe in this study. Grape skin color is one of the most important quality factors for table grapes. Sometimes, it can be viewed difficulties in skin coloration of some red table grape cultivars grown in various grape growing regions of the world and poor skin coloration of red table grapes is a frequent trouble that reduces production efficiency. Despite the fact that it is utilized from some canopy management practices; plant growth regulators, chemicals with plant hormones and hormone-like compounds as active ingredients can be recently used for improving anthocyanin accumulation in growing of some table grape cultivars. In current study, nine different preharvest treatments were used for improving quality parameters of cv. Red Globe, including 1?Control (C), 2–300?mg/L Abscisic acid (ABA), 3–300?mg/L Ethephon (Eth), 4–30% Ethanol (EtOH), 5–300?mg/L ABA + 300?mg/L Eth, 6–300?mg/L ABA + 30% EtOH, 7–300?mg/L Eth + 30% EtOH, 8–300?mg/L ABA + 300?mg/L Eth + 30% EtOH and 9?Cluster tip cutting (CTC). Although the best results from total phenolic compounds content and total anthocyanin content of cv. Red Globe were obtained in CTC treatment in all preharvest treatments, Eth+ETOH treatment especially gave rise to the best results among the preharvest chemical treatments.     

‘Chambourcin’ grapevine (Vitis vinifera Vitis L.) berries display sustained post-veraison accumulation of oxalic acid

SUMMARY

A substantial accumulation of organic acids (OAs) occurs during pre-veraison grape berry development, which results in low pH conditions and contributes to the organoleptic properties of the fruit. The main OAs in most grape berries are tartaric acid (TA) and malic acid (MA). MA is accumulated via a primary metabolic shunt, whereas TA is accumulated via ascorbic acid (AA; vitamin C) metabolism. Oxalic acid (OX) is also derived from AA in competition with TA, and results from a cleavage between the second and third carbon atoms. Oxalic acid is subsequently biomineralised as calcium oxalate crystals in idioblast cells. We have examined the biosynthesis of TA, MA, and OX during grape berry development in four grapevine cultivars. We show that in the Vitis vinifera L. Vitis L. complex inter-specific hybrid, ‘Chambourcin’, there is a high capacity to accumulate OX during post-veraison fruit development. OX content increased from approx. 1 mg g^–1 to 3 mg g^–1 berry fresh weight between 14 and 16 weeks post-anthesis, resulting in OX levels that were similar to the MA levels in mature fruit. Whether OX accumulation occurs due to increased biomineralisation or biosynthesis, our results show that ‘Chambourcin’ grape berries represent the only documented case of post-veraison accumulation of OX.     

油菜素内酯和脱落酸调控葡萄果实花色苷合成的研究

【目的】为研究2,4-表油菜素内酯(2,4-epibrassinolide,EBR)和脱落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)处理对葡萄花色苷合成与可溶性固形物含量、果皮苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和类黄酮糖基转移酶(UFGT)活性以及果实内源ABA含量的影响,探索油菜素内酯调控葡萄果实成熟及花色苷合成的机理。【方法】以酿酒葡萄‘赤霞珠’(Cabernet Sauvignon)和‘烟73’(Yan 73)为试材,在葡萄转色前分别用0.1、0.4、0.8 mg.L-1EBR,1mg.L-1Brz(brassinazole,BR生物合成抑制剂)和200 mg.L-1ABA,均匀喷施于葡萄果实,在葡萄成熟过程中测定葡萄果皮花色苷含量及PAL和UFGT酶活性,同时测定果实ABA和可溶性固形物含量。【结果】在果实着色初期,‘赤霞珠’和‘烟73’葡萄果皮PAL和UFGT活性及果实内源ABA含量均逐渐升高,当果实接近成熟花色苷含量基本稳定时ABA含量开始降低。与对照相比,0.4mg.L-1EBR和200 mg.L-1ABA处理显著增加了果实内源ABA含量,提高了果皮PAL和UFGT活性,促进了果皮花色苷的合成和果实可溶性固形物的积累。0.1 mg.L-1和0.8 mg.L-1EBR处理总体增加了果实内源ABA含量,促进了花色苷的合成和可溶性固形物的积累,并提高了UFGT和PAL酶活性,但比0.4 mg.L-1EBR处理提高的幅度小,且差异显著。1 mg.L-1Brz处理使果实ABA的合成推迟,果实可溶性固形物含量、果皮PAL和UFGT活性以及花色苷含量均低于对照,但差异不显著。【结论】外源EBR和ABA处理促进了葡萄成熟和花色苷合成,在不同浓度EBR处理中,以0.4 mg.L-1处理效果较好;内源ABA可能参与了EBR对葡萄成熟和花色苷合成的调控。     

毛欧杂种葡萄‘NW196’花色苷组成与相关基因表达分析

以不同发育期毛欧杂种葡萄‘NW196’为试验材料,利用HPLC–MS检测其果皮中花色苷的组成及含量,Real-time PCR检测花色苷合成相关基因表达水平,并与欧亚种‘赤霞珠’比较。结果表明,成熟后期‘NW196’果皮中花色苷总量显著高于‘赤霞珠’;采收期‘NW196’葡萄果皮中共检测到23种花色苷,成熟后期单糖苷所占比例高于双糖苷,其中含量最高的是花翠素–3–O–葡萄糖苷,3’5’–羟基取代花色苷比例高于3’–羟基取代花色苷;与欧亚种‘赤霞珠’相比,‘NW196’果皮中酰化和甲基化花色苷比例较低。结论:毛欧杂种‘NW196’花色苷组成与欧亚种‘赤霞珠’差异明显,这与其品种特性有关,并受到类黄酮代谢路径相关基因的调控;此外,花色素双糖苷主要在转色初期合成。     

Cell wall development in the berries of two grapevines

The cell wall content of the berries of grape cultivars ‘Barbera’ and ‘Freisa’ was examined and analyzed during their growth and ripening from July to October.The build-up of cell wall material was much faster in ‘Barbera’ than in ‘Freisa’, and ended 2 weeks before completion of commercial maturity, while in ‘Freisa’ it progressed at a lower rate, but continued up to picking-time. The two most important groups of cell wall polysaccharides were insoluble pectins and hemicellulose. Their behaviour appeared to be always complementary.Cell number per berry apparently decreased steadily in both cultivars, more rapidly in ‘Freisa’ than in ‘Barbera’. The reason for this is not certain, but appears to be due either to cell fusion or to cell squeezing. The average number of cells per berry in both cultivars was of the same order of magnitude, and in agreement with the findings of other authors.     

根域限制对‘巨玫瑰’葡萄果实可溶性糖含量及相关代谢酶活性的影响

 以‘巨玫瑰’葡萄（Vitis vinifera L. × V. labrusca L.）为试材,从始熟期开始研究了根域限制栽培对果实可溶性糖积累及相关代谢酶活性的影响。结果表明：‘巨玫瑰’葡萄果实中主要以葡萄糖和果糖积累为主。从始熟期开始果实中的葡萄糖和果糖含量持续增加,与此同时,酸性转化酶（AI）的活性也随果实发育进程而逐步增强。AI活性与果实中含量最多的葡萄糖和果糖含量显著相关。中性转化酶（NI）和蔗糖合成酶（SS）的分解方向的活性只是在始熟期3周后开始增加,且活性低于AI。蔗糖合成酶（SS）的合成方向和蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）的活性在始熟期开始后稍有增加,此后保持平稳,且活性远远低于蔗糖分解相关酶AI、NI和SS的分解方向活性。根域限制栽培可以显著提高‘巨玫瑰’果实中可溶性糖的含量、糖积累期间的AI活性和成熟时的NI活性,但对其他酶活性影响不显著。由此推断AI是葡萄果实糖积累的最重要的调节因子,也是根域限制提高果实糖含量的关键代谢酶。     

‘香妃’和‘早玫瑰香’葡萄温室与露地栽培单萜积累差异分析

温室栽培对鲜食葡萄果实单萜积累的影响尚不明确。以早熟鲜食葡萄品种‘香妃’和‘早玫瑰香’为试材进行温室栽培,以露地栽培作为对照。采用顶空固相微萃取(HS–SPME)结合气相色谱—质谱联用(GC–MS)技术,辅助自动质谱图解卷积和鉴定系统(AMDIS),检测葡萄果实中游离态单萜类化合物的含量。共检测到29种来源于异戊二烯代谢途径的单萜类化合物。两个葡萄品种单萜类化合物总含量随果实发育均呈升高趋势,且露地栽培均高于温室栽培,果实成熟期‘香妃’高于‘早玫瑰香’。利用主成分分析(PCA)可以明显区分开温室和露地栽培下的‘早玫瑰香’,但两种栽培条件下‘香妃’的单萜化合物在成熟期愈加接近;整体趋势表现为露地栽培葡萄果实具有更丰富的柠檬烯、(Z)–别罗勒烯、(E,Z)–别罗勒烯、里那醇、β–月桂烯、异松油烯、(Z)–β–罗勒烯、cis和trans–氧化玫瑰、β–香茅醇和cis–吡喃型氧化里那醇。     

查耳酮异构酶在葡萄果实发育过程中的表达及亚细胞定位研究

以‘赤霞珠’葡萄果实为材料,利用制备好的葡萄查耳酮异构酶(CHI;EC 5.5.1.6)CHI多克隆抗体,采用RT-PCR、蛋白质印记杂交和胶体金免疫电镜技术对葡萄果实发育过程中CHI基因、蛋白表达及亚细胞定位进行了研究。结果表明:CHI基因和蛋白的表达随着果实发育有着明显的变化,在果实发育早期和转色期表达量较高,同果实中总类黄酮含量的积累变化一致;胶体金免疫定位显示在果实发育早期CHI主要分布于葡萄果皮细胞的细胞质中,在液泡及质体中也有少量分布;在转色期主要定位于细胞质、质体和细胞核中,其数量明显增多。在成熟果实中,主要存在于细胞质,少量存在于质体和液泡中。     

葡萄果实中（–）–α–萜品醇的积累与其合成酶基因Vvter表达的关系

 以不同发育期的‘赤霞珠’和‘雷司令’葡萄果实为试材,应用气相色谱质谱联用技术和荧光实时定量PCR技术,研究了果实发育过程中游离态和糖苷态（–）–α–萜品醇含量与（–）–α–萜品醇合成酶[Vitis vinifera（-）-α-terpineol synthase]基因Vvter表达的关系。结果表明,糖苷态（–）–α–萜品醇在两个品种果实发育过程中均没有明显变化,游离态（–）–α–萜品醇在‘赤霞珠’中表现为随果实发育而降低,而在‘雷司令’中呈现先下降再上升后下降的趋势,同一品种中（–）–α–萜品醇总含量的变化与Vvter基因的表达成正相关。     

‘赤霞珠’‘梅鹿辄’和‘品丽珠’不同营养系果实与葡萄酒挥发性香气成分分析

【目的】为发挥酿酒品种‘赤霞珠’‘梅露辄’和‘品丽珠’不同营养系的优点,筛选香气优良的营养系。【方法】采用顶空固相微萃取结合气质联用技术分析了3个品种共11个营养系成熟果实和葡萄酒中挥发性香气成分。【结果】果实、葡萄酒中香气成分种类分别在64~99种、105~121种,相应的果实与葡萄酒共有成分在60~88种,分为中短链脂肪酸、乙醇酯、醇类、乙酸酯、醛类、单萜和降异戊二烯类、其他7类。除‘赤霞珠’685醇类、191醛类,其余营养系葡萄酒中每类香气浓度均高于果实。果实和葡萄酒中超过阈值的香气成分分别有5种和15种,但不同品种或同一品种不同营养系同一香气气味活性值(OAV值)不同,从而导致其香气特征的差异。‘赤霞珠’685、169和‘梅鹿辄’348果实中苯乙醛、β-大马士酮OAV值高于其他营养系,与花香、甜香味OAV值最大一致;170果实中2-甲氧基-3-异丁基吡嗪(IBMP)OAV值显著高于191,与其植物味OAV值最高一致,且TDNOAV值最高,与其化学味OAV值最高一致。‘品丽珠’c214果实中IBMP>327>409,赋予c214植物味OAV值>327>409,3个营养系中苯乙醛、β-大马士酮OAV值趋势与焦糖味、花香味一致。与其他营养系相比,‘赤霞珠’170、338葡萄酒中较高的己酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯、苯乙醛和β-大马士酮赋予酒较高的水果味、花香味;‘梅鹿辄’181葡萄酒中较高的辛酸乙酯、己酸乙酯和丁酸乙酯赋予酒较高的水果味、花香味;‘品丽珠’c214中己酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯OAV值最高,与酒水果味OAV值最高一致,327中IBMP和癸醛OAV值较高,赋予酒植物味高于c214。【结论】根据果实香气特征,‘赤霞珠’685、169、‘品丽珠’327和‘梅鹿辄’348相对较好,根据葡萄酒香气特征‘赤霞珠’338、170、‘梅鹿辄’181和‘品丽珠’409较好。根据其香气特点及市场需要,可进行营养系筛选或酿造工艺改良。     

Decreased anthocyanin biosynthesis in grape berries grown under elevated night temperature condition

In grape cultivation, high night temperature generally reduces anthocyanin accumulation in berry skin. To clarify the regulatory mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis under the conditions of high night temperatures, we examined flavonoid accumulation, the activities of related enzymes and gene expression in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway in grape berries grown under cool and warm night conditions. Anthocyanin accumulation in the skin of berries grown at high night temperatures (30 °C continuous) was reduced as compared to that of berries grown at low night temperatures (30 °C in daytime/15 °C in night time). On the other hand, flavonol levels in the skin of berries were not significantly different between low and high night temperature conditions. High night temperatures also inhibited the gene expression of chalcone synthase (CHS), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX) and UDP-glucose: flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT) at veraison and an increase in UFGT activity after veraison. These results suggest that the inhibition of anthocyanin biosynthesis in grape berries grown under high night temperature condition could be caused by lower expression levels of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes at an early stage of ripening and lower activities of anthocyanin biosynthetic enzymes, particularly UFGT.     

宣化牛奶葡萄架式和栽培技术改进研究

连续五年的田间试验证明,宣化牛奶葡萄长时期内表现产量低、大小年严重,是与传统的漏斗架式栽培技术落后有密切关系。通过改造架式、改革整形修剪方式及其它栽培技术,达到了大幅度增产和克服大小年的良好效果。本试验为牛奶葡萄的老园改造提供了有效的途径。本文并对进一步提高牛奶葡萄的品质进行了讨论。     

Seedless Berry Growth and Bioactive Compounds of cv. ‘Recel Uzümü’ (V. Vinifera L.) as Affected by Application Doses and Times of Pre-Harvest Thidiazuron

The purpose of this research was to appreciate the impact of the synthetic cytokinin, well known as thidiazuron (TDZ) on seedless berry quality of cv. ‘Recel Uzümü’. Three concentration levels including 0, 5 and 10 mg/L were applied on the grapevines during different phenological stages of grapevine such as Time 1: beginning of berry stetting, Time 2: berries pepper corn size and Time 3: berries pea size. While TDZ application times had no impacts on cultivar characteristics, it was determined that the application doses of TDZ had major impacts on yield and quality components of cv. ‘Recel Uzümü’.     

葡萄中糖基化花色苷研究进展

葡萄果实与葡萄酒的颜色由其所含花色苷的种类和含量决定,而花色苷是由花色素经过糖基化修饰转变而成,所以糖基化修饰在葡萄果实花色苷合成途径中起着重要作用。葡萄果实中的糖基化花色苷主要包括花色素的3–O–葡萄糖基和3,5–O–双葡萄糖基,即花色素单糖苷和花色素双糖苷,糖基化花色苷的组成是决定红葡萄酒品质的关键因素之一。对糖基化花色苷在葡萄果实中的组成及其对葡萄酒颜色和稳定性的影响进行了简要介绍,重点对花色素单糖苷和花色素双糖苷合成的关键酶基因以及转录因子进行了综述,以期为葡萄果实糖基化花色苷合成的调控机理的全面揭示和优质红色酿酒葡萄品种的选育提供信息。     

中熟鲜食葡萄新品种‘华葡玫瑰’

‘华葡玫瑰’葡萄是以‘巨峰’为母本，‘大粒玫瑰香’为父本杂交选育而成的中熟新品种。果穗圆锥形，平均单穗质量532.7 g。果粒椭圆形，紫黑色，平均单粒质量10.4 g。果肉软至硬脆，汁液多，味香甜，有草莓香与玫瑰香混合香味。可溶性固形物含量19.7%，可滴定酸含量0.33%，鲜食品质上等。每果粒含种子1 ~ 4粒。在辽宁兴城地区果实9月上旬充分成熟。结果稳定，早果性强。极丰产，产量37 500 kg • hm-2。抗病性与‘巨峰’相近，适栽地区与‘巨峰’相同。     

晚熟鲜食葡萄新品种‘华葡翠玉’

‘华葡翠玉’葡萄是从‘红地球’‘玫瑰香’杂交后代中选出的晚熟新品种。果穗圆锥形，平均单穗质量862.4 g。果粒椭圆形，黄绿色，平均单粒质量11.3 g。果肉硬脆，汁液较多，味甜，有玫瑰香味。可溶性固形物含量18.7%，可滴定酸含量0.51%，鲜食品质好。每果粒含种子3 ~ 4粒。果实成熟后不脱粒，耐贮运。在辽宁兴城地区果实10月上、中旬充分成熟。结果稳定，早果性强。极丰产，产量37 500 kg • hm-2。适合设施栽培。