大肠杆菌O157:H7菌毛分子伴侣基因的克隆与表达

根据Genebank中已登录的大肠杆菌O157:H7菌株EDL933基因序列中茵毛分子伴侣ycbR基因序列设计1对引物,并分别在其5'端分别加入Neo I、Xho I酶切位点,以大肠杆菌O157:H7国内分离株97094的DNA为模板,用聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增出710 bp的DNA片段.回收并纯化该DNA片段,用限制性核酸内切酶Nco I、Xho I同时消化DNA片段和双酶切栽体质粒pET28a(+).将它们回收纯化并连接,然后转化到宿主菌大肠杆菌DH5a,从该菌中提取重组质粒,用PCR、限制性内切酶位点分析及核苷酸序列测定法对克隆的重组质粒进行鉴定,表明ycbR基因定向克隆到了载体质粒pET28a(+).再将重组质粒转化到表达宿主菌大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),在含Kan抗生素LB培养基中经IPTG诱导12～16 h,做SDS-PAGE分析,表明ycbR基因在菌株中获得高效表达,表达蛋白相对分子质量大小约为30 000,与预期结果一致.为研究大肠杆菌ycbR基因产物的功能和致病作用奠定了基础.     

与HEp-2细胞粘附现象相关的大肠杆菌O157基因的发现

将产志贺毒素大肠杆菌O157：H7菌株97094培养于含有不同质量浓度的萘啶酮酸(nalidixie acid，NA)的麦康凯(MacConkey)琼脂平板上，获得对NA有抗性的菌株。用含有自杀性质粒pRT733的供体菌SM10λpir(携带转座子TnphoA)和抗萘啶酮酸的97094菌株做接合试验，使转座子TnphoA转入受体菌97094，经过约200个接合试验，有503个菌株在含有Km、NA、XP的LB琼脂平板上形成蓝色菌落，说明在这些菌株中形成了phoA融合基因,并能表达phoA基因。在这503个Km^r，NA^r变异体中，有6株完全失去了对HEp-2细胞的局灶型粘附(local adherence,LA)现象。对构建的6株大肠杆菌O157 TnphoA变异体，克隆TnphoA及其两侧的大肠杆菌O157 DNA序列，用根据TnphoA融合接点处的phoA的DNA序列设计合成的寡核苷酸引物，对各克隆中TnphoA上游的大肠杆菌O157的DNA片段部分进行测序，测序结果做BLAST搜索，发现有4个变异体的TnphoA插入到已知的大肠杆菌O157紧密素基因eae中，有2个变异体的TnphoA分别插入到eae之外的核苷酸序列中，分别插入到一个功能未知的菌毛分子伴侣基因和一个功能未知的Z4182基因的上游。这项研究表明，除紧密素外，大肠杆菌O157尚有其他因子参与对真核细胞的粘附。     

致病性鸡大肠杆菌type1菌毛fimC基因的克隆与序列测定

根据国外发表的人致病性大肠杆菌fimC基因序列,在其保守区设计了带有BamHⅠ/HindⅢ酶切位点的一对引物,应用PCR技术以鸡致病性大肠杆菌O2基因组DNA为模板扩增到一个片段,大小约为700bp,将扩增产物克隆到pMD18-T载体上,并转化于大肠杆菌TG1宿主菌,经酶切和筛选,得到阳性重组质粒.通过对阳性重组质粒核酸序列测定,确定此DNA片段为鸡大肠杆菌fimC基因.     

大肠埃希菌O157:H7 eaeA基因的克隆及其表达质粒的构建

采用自行设计的引物，应用PCR方法直接从广东分离株大肠埃希菌0157：H7021210的染色体DNA中扩增出既8A基因的完整阅读框，得到了一条大小约为2800bp的基因片段。T—A克隆后将其亚克隆至原核表达载体pET-28a（＋），经PCR鉴定、酶切鉴定及核苷酸序列测定，证实成功构建原核重组表达质粒pET—eaeA。大肠埃希菌O157：H7eaeA基因的克隆及原核表达质粒的成功构建，为下一步进行诱导表达、活性鉴定及既8A基因表达蛋白诊断抗原的研制奠定了基础。     

流产布鲁氏菌omp25基因的克隆与原核表达

用设计的1对特异性引物对流产布鲁氏菌2型CVCC70502株总DNA进行外膜蛋白基因omp25的PCR扩增，得到了1条完整的基因，大小为642bp；测序分析证明，它与国外报道的流产布鲁氏菌omp25基因的核苷酸序列完全一致。将该基因克隆到原核表达载体pGEX-6p-1中，经酶切、PCR扩增和测序分析，表明重组表达载体构建成功。将此重组质粒转化至宿主菌BL21（DE3）中，用IPTG进行诱导。结果证实，该基因可以在大肠杆菌中表达，表达产物为分子质量约50ku的融合蛋白，与理论推测的蛋白分子质量一致；Western—blotting试验证明，表达蛋白OMP25可被流产布鲁氏菌阳性血清所识别。     

大肠杆菌O157:H7 Z3955蛋白的亚细胞定位分析

α-淀粉酶是一种广泛存在的淀粉分解酶，催化淀粉和相关α-葡聚糖中α-1,4-葡萄糖苷键的水解，它可以定位在不同细菌的不同位置。大肠杆菌O157:H7 Z3955基因的同源基因在非致病性大肠杆菌编码α-淀粉酶，可以确定Z33955蛋白的准确定位。PCR扩增大肠杆菌O157:H7 EDL933菌株的Z3955基因，扩增的基因片段连接pGEX-6P-1载体构建重组质粒，将重组质粒转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中，表达重组蛋白GST-Z3955,并用谷胱甘肽琼脂糖珠纯化。纯化的GST-Z3955免疫BALB/c小鼠产生抗血清。利用GST-Z3955蛋白的抗血清检测Z3955在细菌中的亚细胞定位。最终成功构建了能表达目的蛋白的大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)-pGEX-6P-1-Z3955重组菌。用纯化的重组GST-Z3955蛋白免疫小鼠，获得了Z3955多克隆抗体。免疫印迹确定Z3955抗血清的最佳工作浓度为1∶12 500。Z3955定位在大肠杆菌O157:H7的胞质、内膜、细胞周质和外膜，但不能分泌到细胞外。Z3955蛋白的亚细胞定位鉴定将有助于该蛋白的功能研究，并有助于了解Z3955在大肠杆菌...     

鸡致病性大肠杆菌O1、O2和O78的I型菌毛结构基因表达载体的构建及表达产物的检测

用限制性内切酶SacI和BamHI双酶切克隆有鸡致病性大肠杆菌分离株O1、O2和O78的piliA基因的质粒pTFimO1、pTFimO2和pTFimO78，分别回收从此3质粒上切下的545bp的piliA基因片段，再将载体pET-28a( )用SacI和BamHI双酶切，最后将pET-28a( )DNA片段与545bp的piliA DNA片段进行连接，转化至受体菌BL21（DE3）中，经SacI和BamHI酶切反应鉴定重组子，得到了理想重组子质粒pETFimO1、pETFimO2和pETFimO78。重组菌株BL21（DE3），（pETFimO1)、BL21（DE3）（pETFimO2)和BL21（DE3）（pETFimO78)经IPTG诱导后，其表达产物经SDS－PAGE检测，结果表明重组菌株可以良好地表达鸡致病性大肠杆菌I型菌毛蛋白。     

鸭肠炎病毒PCR产物的克隆及鉴定

根据已发达的鸭肠炎病毒（DEV）基因的核苷酸序列，设计并合成了1对引物，以鸭肠炎病毒DNA为模板扩增出602bp的基因片段，将该基因片段通过粘端连接克隆到质粒pBluescipt ⅡKS^ 中，重组质粒转化大肠杆菌DH5α感受态细胸质，在LB平板上筛选重组菌，重组子经聚合酶链反应（PCR）和HindⅢ与PstⅠ双酶切鉴定，该基因片段已成功的克隆到质粒载体上。     

猪肺炎支原体黏附因子基因R1R2区的克隆及表达

根据GenBank登录的猪肺炎支原体232株P97基因和J株黏附因子基因设计了1对引物，以我国猪肺炎支原体Z株(强毒株)基因组DNA为模板，通过PCR方法扩增了该株黏附因子基因的部分序列。经序列分析后，重新设计了1对带有EcoRI和HindⅢ酶切位点的引物，并经引物的定点突变，PCR扩增了Z株黏附因子的R1R2区。扩增产物经双酶切后克隆到表达载体pET-32(a) 中。该重组质粒经酶切鉴定后，将其具有正确阅读框架的重组质粒转化到大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)感受态细胞，37℃下经IPTG诱导表达，得到相对分子质量约29000的融合蛋白，表达量约为11％。     

结核分枝杆菌三种分泌蛋白在原核表达载体中的克隆、表达与鉴定

对结核分枝杆菌的三种分泌蛋白Ag85B,ESAT-6和MPT－64基因进行克隆、鉴定与表达，为结核病诊断、重组疫苗应用和免疫效应检测打下基础。以结核杆菌H37RV株基因组DNA为模板，用PCR法对基因Ag85B、ESAT－6、MPT－64进行扩增，产物与载体质粒pET22b和pGEX-4T-1构建表达Ag85B、ESAT－6、MPT－64的重组质粒，将此重组质粒先转化到大肠杆菌DH5a内抽提质粒，酶切检验，再转化入表达宿主大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）PLysS菌株内，对转化菌株以IPTG进行诱导后，破菌，离心，上清进行SDS－PAGE电泳，电泳发现转化了重组质粒的菌株有表达蛋白，所表达的蛋白质相对分子质量为30000、6000、50000。结果表明：目的基因克隆到菌株内，重组结核杆菌分泌蛋白Ag85B、ESAT－6、MPT－64的成功表达为结核病诊断、重组疫苗应用和免疫效应检测以及上述三种抗原、抗体的大规模制备打下基础。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.