Cr(Ⅲ)胁迫对大豆、小麦生长及铬吸收和转运的影响

利用系统发育和根系形态不同的大豆与小麦,采用盆栽试验,研究了不同添加量铬对两种作物生长及铬吸收和转运的影响,并对两种作物铬耐受能力进行比较。结果表明,当土壤铬含量大于287.9 mg/kg(添加量为250 mg/kg)时,大豆植株生长变慢,无豆荚产生,且后期易枯萎死亡;大豆根系铬含量和富集系数超过小麦,而转移系数随铬添加量增加而逐渐降低,说明大豆对土壤中铬胁迫的耐性低于小麦;小麦籽粒铬含量超过规定的临界值。在土壤铬含量小于287.9 mg/kg时,小麦根系铬浓度和富集系数高于大豆,小麦根系比大豆具有更强的铬吸收能力;大豆茎叶富集系数高于小麦。     

两种间作体系中养分竞争与营养促进作用研究

应用根系分隔技术研究小麦 /蚕豆、小麦 /大豆间作中养分竞争和营养促进作用结果表明 ,与豆科根系相互作用时小麦生物量和养分吸收量均大于完全分隔和 30 μm孔径尼龙网分隔处理 ;与小麦根系相互作用时大豆生长受抑 ,生物量低和养分吸收量下降 ,而蚕豆生物量和养分吸收量未受显著影响。小麦竞争能力强于蚕豆和大豆 ,小麦 /大豆间作体系存在种间竞争作用 ,而小麦 /蚕豆间作体系存在种间促进互惠作用     

春小麦大豆间作条件下作物养分吸收积累动态的研究

采用田间小区试验和微区根系分隔试验,通过间作与相应单作养分吸收动态的比较,阐明了小麦大豆间作中养分吸收的种间竞争作用和促进作用。结果表明,小麦具有更强的养分竞争能力,在两作物共生的８０多天中,间作小麦的吸氮量、吸磷量始终高于单作小麦,是其获得高产的基础。虽然间作大豆在前期养分吸收缓慢,在两作物共生期的氮磷钾吸收量均显著地低于单作大豆,但小麦收获后有明显的恢复。种间根系分隔试验结果表明,小麦大豆根系间不分隔时,小麦的吸氮量和吸磷量有明显的边行优势;用塑料膜分隔时,边行优势消失;但用尼龙网分隔时,小麦吸磷量表现出一定的边行优势,是大豆根际效应所致。     

添加铅对大豆和小麦生长及铅吸收特征影响的研究

盆栽条件下,研究了大豆和小麦在铅添加量为0~1 050 mg/kg的土壤中生长及对铅的吸收与富集特征。结果表明,外源添加铅能降低小麦和播种20 d后的大豆株高,但对播种40 d后的大豆株高无影响。添加铅能降低大豆和小麦单盆籽粒数和单盆籽粒重量,但适量低浓度的铅对大豆单盆籽粒重量有一定的促进作用。随铅添加量的增加,大豆与小麦根系和地上部的铅含量都是逐渐升高的,且土壤中铅含量与两种作物根系和地上部铅含量成显著正相关。多数情况下,铅主要分布在大豆和小麦的根系,两种作物不同部位富集系数顺序基本为根>茎叶>籽粒。     

施氮量对间作小麦蚕豆根系分泌大豆异黄酮的影响

通过盆栽和水培试验,采用小麦蚕豆间作、蚕豆单作、小麦单作3种种植方式,研究了不同生育期不同氮水平(低氮、常规氮和高氮)处理下,单、间作小麦和蚕豆根系大豆异黄酮分泌量的变化,为进一步探明间作增产和控病机制提供依据。结果表明,随作物生育期推移,小麦根系分泌大豆异黄酮数量明显减少,蚕豆根系大豆异黄酮的分泌量先增加后减少。随施氮量增加,小麦蚕豆根系大豆异黄酮分泌量均减少,且多达显著水平。与低氮处理相比,常规氮和高氮处理下,单、间作小麦大豆异黄酮分泌量分别显著减少,且多达显著水平。间作可以显著提高作物大豆异黄酮的分泌量,但间作优势仅在低氮和常规氮处理下明显,高氮处理下,单、间作小麦和蚕豆根系分泌大豆异黄酮数量差异不显著,并且这种间作效应会随生育期的推移逐渐消失。总之,间作种植和施氮量均影响作物根系大豆异黄酮分泌量,且低施氮量的影响更明显。     

四川几种轮套作体系的产量及小麦玉米磷素利用效率研究

通过2011和2012年2年田间试验研究了"蚕豆-玉米"、"小麦-甘薯"、"小麦-大豆"3种两熟轮作体系和"小麦/玉米/甘薯"、"小麦/玉米/大豆"2种三熟套作体系的产量、小麦玉米磷素积累分配及磷利用效率的变化。结果表明:三熟套作具有明显的产量优势,小麦/玉米、玉米/大豆和玉米/甘薯的土地当量比(LER)分别为1.79、1.51、1.62,小麦/玉米/大豆、小麦/玉米/甘薯周年体系的LER平均分别为2.13、2.32,与同面积单作相比,两体系周年作物产量分别提高了12.5%和31.5%。小麦、玉米产量套作比单作分别高30.3%、12.3%,而大豆和甘薯产量在套作与单作间无显著差异。套作较单作显著提高了小麦和玉米的地上部磷素吸收总量、籽粒磷积累量、磷肥偏生产力,小麦分别提高34.3%、39.3%、29.1%,玉米分别提高11.1%、19.8%、12.4%。玉米磷收获指数套作比轮作平均高7.8%。套作促进了小麦、玉米磷营养从营养器官向籽粒的转运分配。表明三熟套作相对两熟轮作(单作)能显著提高周年产量,促进小麦、玉米对磷素的吸收利用,一定程度提高了磷肥利用效率。     

不同轮作体系土壤残留硒锌对小麦产量与营养品质的影响

采用盆栽试验,通过玉米-小麦和大豆-小麦轮作,探讨了不同种植模式中,土壤残留硒锌对小麦产量与营养品质的影响。结果表明,土壤中残留硒锌对小麦生物量和产量的影响与作物轮作体系有关。玉米-小麦轮作,土壤残留硒锌并没有表现出增加小麦产量的趋势,而大豆-小麦轮作,土壤残留硒锌对小麦生物量和产量呈增加趋势。土壤残留硒锌可改变作物体内元素组成。玉米-小麦轮作,土壤残留硒锌有利于小麦籽粒对氮、钾、硫、钙、铁、锌、硒、铜元素的吸收累积。大豆-小麦轮作,土壤残留硒锌促进小麦对钾、硫、镁、铁、锌、硒、铜、锰、硼的吸收,而氮、磷、钙吸收减少。     

叶面喷硒对不同作物籽粒硒含量及产量的影响

分析了黑龙江省主栽作物(水稻、大豆、玉米和小麦)叶面喷硒的效果。结果表明:原始籽粒含硒量以大豆最高,玉米最低,顺序为大豆小麦水稻玉米;而施入等量的硒后,4种作物籽粒硒含量都有明显的提升,提升幅度与喷硒量呈正相关,其中以小麦和水稻增加最高,大豆次之,玉米最少,且硒含量均在安全补硒值的范围之内。叶面喷硒后作物增产效果不明显。确定了叶面喷硒的浓度范围为11.25~22.50 g·hm~(-2),即可使水稻、大豆、玉米和小麦籽粒中硒含量满足低硒区居民补硒的需要;施硒时期综合比较,水稻的最佳喷硒时期是在扬花后期,玉米的最佳喷硒时期是在抽雄期,大豆是在初花期,小麦是在孕穗期。腐植酸硒降低了高浓度硒对作物的毒害作用,在生产实际中更具有安全性。     

“麦／玉／豆”套作种植模式氮肥周年平衡施用初步研究

运用双佳值法对小麦/玉米/大豆套作种植模式氮肥周年施用量及作物间分配比例进行了研究,结果表明,该种植模式在中产田的周年氮肥最佳施用总量为342.8 kg/hm2,小麦、玉米和大豆适宜分配比例为33.76:35.71:30.54,各作物最佳施氮量为小麦115.73 kg/hm2、玉米122.41 kg/hm2、大豆104.69 kg/hm2.     

种间相互作用对作物生长及养分吸收的影响

田间试验采用裂区设计,研究了蚕豆、大豆和小麦在两个施氮水平下与玉米间作对作物生长和养分吸收的影响。结果表明,与单作相比,间作对蚕豆生长和养分吸收无明显影响;间作促进大豆前期生长,但在玉米旺盛生长期其生长和养分吸收受到抑制;间作对小麦生长和养分吸收有明显的促进作用。与蚕豆间作,玉米能够获得更高的产量和养分吸收量;与大豆间作,对玉米前期生长有抑制作用,但玉米旺盛生长后其生长和养分吸收有明显增加;与小麦间作,在共处期玉米生长受到强烈抑制,小麦收获后玉米生长开始逐渐恢复。蚕豆/玉米间作具有产量优势,大豆/玉米间作为产量劣势;小麦/玉米间作在低氮条件下为产量劣势,提高氮肥用量会恢复以至达到单作水平。分析认为,蚕豆和大豆生物固氮和根系分泌物活化土壤磷的特点促进了玉米的生长,小麦强的根系竞争能力抑制了玉米生长;在共处期玉米的遮荫作用会抑制大豆的生长,而小麦收获后受抑制的玉米产量有向单作水平恢复的能力。表明选择合理的作物配置能够充分利用各种资源,促进种间有益作用,提高作物产量。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.