黄河源同德盆地刺状水系初步研究

在野外调查、实地测量和DEM特征统计的基础上,从形态特征、发育环境和形成机制三个方面介绍了青海黄河源同德盆地出现的一种独特水系,它是在广泛覆盖厚层河相沉积物和风成黄土的平缓宽谷上,由干流下切带动支流溯源冲刷逐渐形成的一系列近平行排列的细短支流,以非对称方式近直角入汇深切干流的水系格局,因支流形似针刺,称之为刺状水系。刺状支流、简单的河道等级结构以及干支流非同期发育都是刺状水系区别于其它水系的显著特征。初步认为刺状水系的发育有两个基本条件,一是有覆盖厚层黄土和河相沉积物的平坦宽谷,二是由干流深切引发的大规模溯源侵蚀。由于历史上青藏高原的不均匀抬升,古同德地区成为沉积盆地,接受了大量的河相沉积和风成黄土。然而,随着共和运动以来青藏高原的不断隆升,古黄河切穿龙羊峡,与盆地内的古水系连通,沉积区转变为易侵蚀区,河流快速下切,支流广泛发育,逐渐形成现今的刺状水系。     

近20年长江源头各拉丹东冰川变化及其对气候变化的响应

基于1992、2002、2008年三个时相TM数字遥感影像和1:10万地形图数据,通过目视解译方法提取冰川面积,研究了青藏高原腹地长江源头各拉丹东地区冰川变化问题。结果表明:各拉丹东地区总冰川面积自1992年以来呈持续下降趋势,面积由1992年的931.59km2减少至2002年的927.66km2,至2008年时缩减至915.13km2。1992~2008年冰川面积共减少了16.46km2,年平均递减约1.03km2,总面积减少约1.77%。2002-2008年总面积下降约1.35%,约为1969-2000年的31a间冰川消融面积的80%,表明近二十年青藏高原腹地冰川退缩速率明显加快。进一步分析发现,面积较小的冰川其消融或退缩速度更快,面积较大的则相对较为缓慢。在总体退缩趋势下,2号冰川末端部分地区2002年出现了增长趋势,其变化趋势表现为:退缩-短暂前进-退缩。对影响冰川变化气候因子分析表明,近几十年青藏高原地区升温所引起的气候变暖是影响20世纪90年代中期以来该地区冰川加速消融的根本原因,气候显著变暖冰川明显退缩。     

中国北方沙尘暴的气候特征及其对春季青藏高原地面感热异常的响应

选用中国185个常规气象观测站,建站～2000年历年沙尘暴日数资料,分析了近50年来中国北方沙尘暴的气候特征及其对青藏高原地面感热异常的响应。结果表明虽然单个沙尘暴过程属于一次中尺度天气过程,但年沙尘暴日数具有较好的空间一致性,在空间上有五个自然尘源区,即河西走廊、南疆盆地南缘、阿拉善高原、鄂尔多斯高原和浑善达克沙地等沙尘暴高发区。比较近50年来中国沙尘暴日数的年代际变化,总体趋势在减少,20世纪90年代是近5个年代中最少的。但20世纪末至21世纪初,中国沙尘暴日数有明显的回升趋势。进一步研究表明,中国沙尘暴与春季青藏高原地面感热关系密切,当春季青藏高原地面感热呈EOF1模态时,当年中国北方沙尘暴日数明显较常年偏多。     

近50年岱海生态与环境变化分析

岱海是我国北方地区的一个内陆湖,历史时期受构造运动和气候变化的影响,湖泊经历多次扩张和收缩,最大水域面积曾达到760 km2。近50年来,随着全球气候变暖及湖区农业活动的加强,岱海的补给水量急剧减少,自20世纪70年代以来,岱海水位持续下降,且下降速度呈现出明显的加快趋势;与此同时,湖水的矿化度不断升高,咸化现象已十分明显;受农业活动和城镇生活的影响,岱海水体的富营养问题也日益突出;其原始的自然环境发生了巨大变化。通过对各影响因素进行分析,结果表明,近50年来岱海环境恶化主要是由人类对流域水土资源的过度开发利用和对污废水的不合理排放造成的,气候变化只是起到了加速强化的作用。     

塔里木盆地西部博古孜河剖面记录的亚洲内陆干旱化及其成因

亚洲内陆干旱化是全球新生代大陆环境变化中最引入瞩目的重大事件,其形成与演化与青藏高原隆升和新生代全球变冷等因素密切相关.文中对塔里木盆地西部博古孜河剖面晚中新世-早更新世湖相-扇三角洲相沉积序列进行了初步的色度和地球化学测试与分析.结果表明:塔里木盆地干旱化至少始于5.7Ma,3.7-2.1Ma,干旱化逐渐增强.3.7-2.1Ma,受局地地形的影响,山体隆升截留西风水汽,发生局部水文事件.约2.1Ma后,盆地持续干旱化.我们认为晚中新世-更新世青藏高原、天山的隆升,帕米尔高原的隆升与向北推挤以及阿来依谷地的关闭是5.7Ma以来亚洲内陆干旱化的主要驱动因素.     

咸海流域降水时空特征及趋势分析

基于CRU(Climate Research Unit)数据集1945—2019年咸海流域月降水序列,利用气候倾向率、集中度与分摊熵、样本熵与排列熵方法,分别分析了咸海流域年降水量变化、降水的年内分配、降水序列复杂性变化的时空特征,并用Mann-Kendall法检验了各方法所得结果的趋势性.结果表明:咸海流域年降水量总...     

拉萨城市大气污染现状及防治对策

青藏高原是全球气候变化的晴雨表,拉萨作为这片高原上的重要城市之一,它的大气污染无疑将成为青藏高原的直接污染源,因此对拉萨城市大气污染状况的关注和研究,显得尤为重要。本文较全面地总结了拉萨城市大气污染现状,系统分析了大气污染形成原因,并结合拉萨的实际探讨几点防治措施以供参考。     

天山北坡东部人工绿洲开发与环境的关系及持续发展探讨

本文以奇台为例分析了天山北坡人工绿洲开发与环境之间的关系,并对近十年来影响人工绿洲变化的主要因子进行了相关分析。研究认为奇台人工绿洲人地关系发展经历了三个阶段:第一阶段是20世纪50年代以前,"以水定地"的相对协调发展时期;第二阶段是20世纪50—80年代人地关系发展失衡时期,人工绿洲迅速扩张,水资源开发滞后,耕地因缺水灌溉而成为低产田,环境破坏严重,人地发展失衡的原因是政策因素;第三阶段是20世纪90年代以来人地关系脆弱平衡时期,决定其平衡的因素是不断增加的地下水开采量。通过对90年代以来社会经济因素与人工绿洲面积的灰色相关分析,认为人口和地下水开采量是对奇台人工绿洲可持续发展影响比较大的因素,而技术、经济增长是比较稳定的因素。     

气候变化对青海高原冰川资源的影响评价

青海高原位于青藏高原的东北部,区内有现代冰川2965条,冰川面积3675km2,冰储量2650×108m3。冰川面积占全国冰川总面积的6.19%,占西北冰川总面积的6.31%,是我国中低纬度地带山岳冰川较多的地区。青海高原山岳冰川具有稳定河川径流和调节作用,是青海高原水资源的重要组成部分。青海高原气候自20世纪80年代中后期出现由暖干向暖湿变化,对冰川生存和发展,提供了物质基础和环境条件。据预测到2050年青海高原温度上升2.2-2.6℃,降水量增加6~15%,青海高原现代冰川虽有退缩,但未来冰川不一定消失。     

黑河流域水资源开发对生态的影响

黑河全长800公里,流域面积16万平方公里,是河西走廊三大水系之一。近20年来大量开垦,引起中下游水域面积减少,沙漠化发展。     

Spatial and temporal change patterns of net primary productivity and its response to climate change in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau of China from 2000 to 2015

The vegetation ecosystem of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau in China,considered to be the′′natural laboratory′′of climate change in the world,has undergone profound changes under the stress of global change.Herein,we analyzed and discussed the spatial-temporal change patterns and the driving mechanisms of net primary productivity(NPP)in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau from 2000 to 2015 based on the gravity center and correlation coefficient models.Subsequently,we quantitatively distinguished the relative effects of climate change(such as precipitation,temperature and evapotranspiration)and human activities(such as grazing and ecological construction)on the NPP changes using scenario analysis and Miami model based on the MOD17A3 and meteorological data.The average annual NPP in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau showed a decreasing trend from the southeast to the northwest during 2000–2015.With respect to the inter-annual changes,the average annual NPP exhibited a fluctuating upward trend from 2000 to 2015,with a steep increase observed in 2005 and a high fluctuation observed from 2005 to 2015.In the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau,the regions with the increase in NPP(change rate higher than 10%)were mainly concentrated in the Three-River Source Region,the northern Hengduan Mountains,the middle and lower reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River,and the eastern parts of the North Tibet Plateau,whereas the regions with the decrease in NPP(change rate lower than–10%)were mainly concentrated in the upper reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River and the Ali Plateau.The gravity center of NPP in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau has moved southwestward during 2000–2015,indicating that the increment and growth rate of NPP in the southwestern part is greater than those of NPP in the northeastern part.Further,a significant correlation was observed between NPP and climate factors in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau.The regions exhibiting a significant correlation between NPP and precipitation were mainly located in the central and eastern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau,and the regions exhibiting a significant correlation between NPP and temperature were mainly located in the southern and eastern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau.Furthermore,the relative effects of climate change and human activities on the NPP changes in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau exhibited significant spatial differences in three types of zones,i.e.,the climate change-dominant zone,the human activity-dominant zone,and the climate change and human activity interaction zone.These research results can provide theoretical and methodological supports to reveal the driving mechanisms of the regional ecosystems to the global change in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau.     

流域气候变化和人类活动对内陆湖泊影响的分析

近几十年来干旱和半干旱地区的内陆湖泊发生了巨大的变化,有的出现了面积萎缩和水位下降,有的水位和面积保持稳定,有的消失;博斯腾湖是我国最大的内陆淡水湖,青海湖是我国最大的内陆咸水湖;因此,研究其流域气候变化和人类活动对湖泊的影响具有代表性,对更好保护内陆湖泊,合理利用湖泊水资源具有重要的意义。利用1958-2000年流域降水和温度的资料和灌溉引水量的资料,采用年代对比、距平百分率、滑动平均曲线方法分析了气候变化和人类活动对博斯腾湖和青海湖的影响。分析结果表明气候变化是湖泊水位变化的主要原因;人类活动对博斯腾湖水位变化有一定的影响,而对青海湖水位变化的影响微弱。     

Effects of climate change and land use/cover change on the volume of the Qinghai Lake in China

Qinghai Lake is the largest saline lake in China.The change in the lake volume is an indicator of the variation in water resources and their response to climate change on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau(QTP)in China.The present study quantitatively evaluated the effects of climate change and land use/cover change(LUCC)on the lake volume of the Qinghai Lake in China from 1958 to 2018,which is crucial for water resources management in the Qinghai Lake Basin.To explore the effects of climate change and LUCC on the Qinghai Lake volume,we analyzed the lake level observation data and multi-period land use/land cover(LULC)data by using an improved lake volume estimation method and Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs(InVEST)model.Our results showed that the lake level decreased at the rate of 0.08 m/a from 1958 to 2004 and increased at the rate of 0.16 m/a from 2004 to 2018.The lake volume decreased by 105.40×10⁸ m³ from 1958 to 2004,with the rate of 2.24×10⁸ m³/a,whereas it increased by 74.02×10⁸ m³ from 2004 to 2018,with the rate of 4.66×10⁸ m³/a.Further,the climate of the Qinghai Lake Basin changed from warm-dry to warm-humid.From 1958 to 2018,the increase in precipitation and the decrease in evaporation controlled the change of the lake volume,which were the main climatic factors affecting the lake volume change.From 1977 to 2018,the measured water yield showed an"increase-decrease-increase"fluctuation in the Qinghai Lake Basin.The effects of climate change and LUCC on the measured water yield were obviously different.From 1977 to 2018,the contribution rate of LUCC was -0.76% and that of climate change was 100.76%;the corresponding rates were 8.57% and 91.43% from 1977 to 2004,respectively,and -4.25% and 104.25% from 2004 to 2018,respectively.Quantitative analysis of the effects and contribution rates of climate change and LUCC on the Qinghai Lake volume revealed the scientific significance of climate change and LUCC,as well as their individual and combined effects in the Qinghai Lake Basin and on the QTP.This study can contribute to the water resources management and regional sustainable development of the Qinghai Lake Basin.     

Evaluation of spatial-temporal dynamics in surface water temperature of Qinghai Lake from 2001 to 2010 by using MODIS data

Lake surface water temperature(SWT) is an important indicator of lake state relative to its water chemistry and aquatic ecosystem,in addition to being an important regional climate indicator.However,few literatures involving spatial-temporal changes of lake SWT in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,including Qinghai Lake,are available.Our objective is to study the spatial-temporal changes in SWT of Qinghai Lake from 2001 to 2010,using Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) data.Based on each pixel,we calculated the temporal SWT variations and long-term trends,compared the spatial patterns of annual average SWT in different years,and mapped and analyzed the seasonal cycles of the spatial patterns of SWT.The results revealed that the differences between the average daily SWT and air temperature during the temperature decreasing phase were relatively larger than those during the temperature increasing phase.The increasing rate of the annual average SWT during the study period was about 0.01℃/a,followed by an increasing rate of about 0.05℃/a in annual average air temperature.The annual average SWT from 2001 to 2010 showed similar spatial patterns,while the SWT spatial changes from January to December demonstrated an interesting seasonal reversion pattern.The high-temperature area transformed stepwise from the south to the north regions and then back to the south region from January to December,whereas the low-temperature area demonstrated a reversed annual cyclical trace.The spatial-temporal patterns of SWTs were shaped by the topography of the lake basin and the distribution of drainages.     

Long-term variations in runoff of the Syr Darya River Basin under climate change and human activities

In this study,we analyzed the hydrological and meteorological data from the Syr Darya River Basin during the period of 1930–2015 to investigate variations in river runoff and the impacts of climate change and human activities on river runoff.The Syr Darya River,which is supplied by snow and glacier meltwater upstream,is an important freshwater source for Central Asia,as nearly half of the population is concentrated in this area.River runoff in this arid region is sensitive to climate change and human activities.Therefore,estimation of the climatic and hydrological changes and the quantification of the impacts of climate change and human activities on river runoff are of great concern and important for regional water resources management.The long-term trends of hydrological time series from the selected 11 hydrological stations in the Syr Darya River Basin were examined by non-parametric methods,including the Pettitt change point test and Mann-Kendall trend tests.It was found that 8 out of 11 hydrological stations showed significant downward trends in river runof f.Change of river runoff variations occurred in the year around 1960.Moreover,during the study period(1930–2015),annual mean temperature,annual precipitation,and annual potential evapotranspiration in the river basin increased substantially.We employed hydrological sensitivity method to evaluate the impacts of climate change and human activities on river runoff based on precipitation and potential evapotranspiration.It was estimated that human activities accounted for over 82.6%–98.7%of the reduction in river runoff,mainly owing to water withdrawal for irrigation purpose.The observed variations in river runoff can subsequently lead to adverse ecological consequences from an ecological and regional water resources management perspective.     

Transformation of vegetative cover on the Ustyurt Plateau of Central Asia as a consequence of the Aral Sea shrinkage

The gradual shrinkage of the Aral Sea has led to not only the degradation of the unique environments of the Aral Sea,but also numerous and fast developing succession processes in the neighborhood habitats surrounding the sea.In this study,we investigated the vegetative succession processes related to the Aral Sea shrinkage in the Eastern Cliff of the Ustyurt Plateau in Republic of Uzbekistan,Central Asia.We compared the results of our current investigation(2010–2017)on vegetative communities with the geobotany data collected during the 1970s(1970–1980).The results showed great changes in the mesophytic plant communities and habitat aridization as a result of the drop in the underground water level,which decreased atmospheric humidity and increased the salt content of the soil caused by the shrinkage of the Aral Sea.In the vegetative communities,we observed a decrease in the Margalef index(DMg),which had a positive correlation with the poly-dominance index(I-D).The main indications of the plant communities'transformation were the loss of the weak species,the appearance of new communities with low species diversity,the stabilization of the projective cover of former resistant communities,as well as the appearance of a new competitive species,which occupy new habitats.     

新疆平原湖泊最优运行水位评价指标体系初探

上世纪中叶以来,在人类活动和气候变化的双重影响下,新疆大多数平原湖泊咸化、萎缩甚至干涸,湖泊生态环境严重恶化。近十年以来,在全球气候普遍变暖的情况下,新疆气候逐渐向暖湿转变[1],气温升高、降水增加,部分湖泊水域又呈扩大趋势,给湖泊水资源的可持续利用带来新的挑战。如何确定湖泊最优运行水位,是实现湖泊水资源可持续利用的首要问题。本文旨在通过总结与分析影响新疆平原湖泊水位的因素及湖泊水位变化对湖区生态环境和社会济发展的影响,来构建新疆平原湖泊最优运行水位的评价指标体系。     

青海高原气候变化的环境响应

通过分析环境演变过程与气候变化的关系,从4个方面揭示全球气候变化的青海高原响应:①近45年来,青海高原表现出土地荒漠化、草地退化、冰川冻土萎缩、湖泊水位下降和河流流量减少等环境退化事实;②在全新世气候适宜期的温暖湿润背景下,高原植被、湖泊、土壤、冰川及冻土的良性响应,表明高原环境的优劣与气候环境变化密切相关;③全新世大暖期以来,青海高原从1 000年尺度看,20世纪正处于干冷期,从100年尺度看,正处于干暖化阶段,100年尺度上的升温则将带来湿润,而10年尺度上的升温多导致干旱;在增暖初期,由于降水变化滞后于温度变化,所以青海高原在经历20世纪80年代末以来大幅增温以后,预计未来降水量增加的可能性很大;④近20余年,高原迅速增温将导致蒸发量增加,可抵消甚至超过降水增加的作用,造成气候干暖化,在达到稳定的暖湿阶段前气温和降水出现大幅度频繁的波动,将带来严重的旱、涝等灾害,20世纪可能就处于稳定暖湿阶段前的剧烈波动与多灾阶段。     

新疆巴里坤湖400年来沉积地球化学特征及其古气候意义

本区干旱少雨,化学风化微弱。集水区内多数元素的迁移以碎屑形式、水的机械迁移为主,它们在最近400年湖积层中的相对富集或相对分散主要受区域气候干湿波动的影响,并完整记录了16世纪至18世纪早期相对冷湿、18世纪中叶到19世纪中叶相对暖干、19世纪中叶到20世纪六十年代相对温干以及七十年代相对凉湿的气候变迁序列。十九世纪以来,本区气候在波动中有偏凉偏湿的发展趋势,但二十世纪八十年代又趋向温干。     

贺兰山西坡草地植物多样性与其叶片C∶N∶P计量比的关系

植物生态化学计量学特征的地理学分布规律及其影响因素的研究是生态学研究的热点问题之一。以贺兰山西坡不同海拔高度7个群落为对象,研究群落物种多样性与植物叶片碳（C）[JP20]∶[JP]氮(N)[JP20]∶[JP]磷(P)计量特征的关系。结果表明：贺兰山低海拔区域,植物群落物种丰富度与群落植物叶片N[JP20]∶[JP]P及其变异系数间无显著相关关系,没有支持“群落植物叶片N[JP20]∶[JP]P介于14～16时,群落植物丰富度最高;N[JP20]∶[JP]P＜14或N[JP20]∶[JP]P＞16时,群落植物丰富度均较少”的模型,以及“群落植物丰富度与群落植物叶片N[JP20]∶[JP]P变异系数正相关”的假设。其原因在于所调查样地群落植物丰富度均较低,且各样地物种丰富度相对集中,梯度较小（9～16种）。