Challenges for the sustainable use of water and land resources under a changing climate and increasing salinization in the Jizzakh irrigation zone of Uzbekistan

Jizzakh Province in Uzbekistan is one of the largest irrigated areas in Central Asia without natural drainage.In combination with aridity,climate change and extensive irrigation practices,this has led to the widespread salinization of agricultural land.The aim of this study was to identify opportunities to improve the reclamation status of the irrigated area and how best to effectively use the water resources in Jizzakh Province based on investigations conducted between 1995 and 2016.A database of field measurements of groundwater levels,mineralization and soil salinity conducted by the provincial Hydro-Geological Reclamation Expeditions was used in the study.The total groundwater mineralization was determined using a portable electric conductometer(Progress 1T)and the chloride concentration was determined using the Mohr method.The soil salinity analyses were conducted by applying two different methods:(1)the extraction and assessment of the soluble salt content,and(2)using an SM-138 conductivity sensor applied to a 1:1 mixture of soil sample and water.The analyses of the monitoring results and the salt balance in the"irrigation water–soil–drainage water"system clearly demonstrated that the condition of the irrigated land in the province was not significantly improved.Under these conditions,the stability of crop yields is achieved mainly through the use of large volumes of fertilizer.However,excess amounts of mineral fertilizers can also cause the salinization of soils.The average groundwater salinization value in most of the irrigated land(75.3%)fluctuated between 1.1 and 5.0 g/L,while the values were less than 1.0 g/L in 13.1%of the land and in the range of 5.1–10.0 g/L in 10.5%of the land.During the period of 1995–2016 the salinization level of the irrigated land in Jizzakh Province increased slightly and the area could be divided into the following classes:no salinity(17.7%of the total area),low salinity(51.3%),moderate salinity(29.0%),and high salinity(2.0%).Detailed studies of the salt balance in irrigated land,the impact of climate change,increased fertilizer use,and repeated remediation leaching on the groundwater level and mineralization should be conducted in the future,due to the possibility of accelerated salinization,fertility decline,and reduced yields of agricultural crops.     

Anthropogenically disturbed potentially toxic elements in roadside topsoils of a suburban region of Bishkek,Central Asia

The ecological environment in Central Asia is vulnerable to pressure from human activity due to the physical geography and climatic fragility of this region. A set of indicators suitable for the future assessment of this pressure needs to be proposed. Thirty‐six topsoil samples (0–5 cm) were collected from roadsides in a suburban region of Bishkek, the capital of the Kyrgyz Republic in Central Asia, and a risk assessment of anthropogenically disturbed potentially toxic elements (PTEs) was systematically conducted with classic statistical methods. The results of detrended correspondence analysis and principal component analysis clearly showed that topsoil samples with high contents of PTEs (Pb, Zn and Cu) were strongly affected by traffic within a distance threshold of 200 m and that anthropogenic effects decreased significantly with increasing distance from the highway. The enrichment factor and anthropogenic contribution for Pb were the highest among the three PTEs, with average values of 2.0% and 47.4%, respectively, suggesting enrichment. However, the results of the human health risk assessment also indicated that noncarcinogenic risks did not occur for any of the anthropogenic PTEs. The reported method provides a new systematic pathway to reveal anthropogenic influences on the geochemical composition of soil. The conclusions of this work will be highly valuable as important guidelines for agriculture, and the results of the PTE contents will provide a scientific basis for soil collection in future studies.     

玛纳斯河流域绿洲土壤养分空间变异特征与格局

运用经典统计学及地统计学的半变异函数定量研究了玛纳斯河流域绿洲表层土壤(0～10cm)中有机质、全氮、全钾和全磷4种养分含量的空间变异特征。结果表明:4种养分含量数据均服从正态分布,有机质、全氮和全磷的理论模型属于指数模型,全钾的则符合球状模型。全氮和全钾的空间自相关范围为24.18km和35.78km,空间结构上具有中等空间相关性,随机性因素引起的全氮和全钾的变异分别占48.93%和48.23%,是结构性因素(气候、母质、地形、土壤类型等)和随机因素(施肥、耕作措施、种植制度等)共同作用的结果;有机质和全磷的空间自相关范围为79.10km和82.63km,空间结构上具有强相关性,块金值与基台值之比分别为25.06%和20.00%,其空间变异主要由结构性因素引起的。在地理信息系统(GIS)支持下,通过Kriging插值研究了玛纳斯河流域绿洲土壤养分的空间水平分布规律并对土壤养分要素含量等级进行了评价。有机质、全氮和全钾具有南北部高,中间低,由南北向中心递减的趋势;有机质、全氮、全钾含量为较丰富以上等级面积分别占研究区的0%、97.91%、99.69%;全磷含量从中心往南递增,北部分布较均匀;全磷含量为较丰富以上等级的面积占研究区的10.62%。     

人类活动对亚洲中部水环境安全的威胁

主要依赖河流出山口的径流量维系山地-绿洲-荒漠间脆弱生态平衡的亚洲中部干旱区,其水分循环过程完全不同于湿润区。平原区不产生径流,地表水和地下水同源于山区,一个流域就是一个以地表水和地下水相互依赖的生态功能单元,其中河流是纽带,连接山区径流形成区与平原径流散失区或消耗区,以水分循环为主体,并与生物、生态系统紧密相联系,构成一个独特而又完整的內陆水分循环体系。自然要素的变化,特别是人类的参与或介入,改变了水分循环的规律,对亚洲中部干旱区水和环境的形成具有很大的威胁。用多年的观测数据来讨论人类活动的影响,并提出维系和保持干旱区水环境的建议。     

Eolian factor in the process of modern salt accumulation in western Dzungaria, China

The amount and chemical composition of eolian material and the dynamics of the eolian transfer of salts and dust particles in the western part of Dzungarian Basin were studied in the area of Lake Ebinur in eastern Tien Shan (Xinjiang autonomous region of China). The development of salt-dust storms upon the lake drying was examined. Three zones characterized by different intensities of salt-dust storms and located at different distances from the lake were distinguished. The relationship between the intensity of salt-dust storms, the composition of eolian sediments, and the amount of soil salts was established. In the first zone (zone I) with the most intensive storms, the redistribution of eolian material—blowing out, transportation, and accumulation—is observed. Strongly saline chloride solonchaks predominate in this zone. In the second zone (zone II), soils with chloride-sulfate and sulfate-chloride salinization predominate. The third zone (zone III), at a distance of more than 100 km from the lake, is characterized by the least intensity and frequency of storms and the least salinity of soils. In recent decades, the landscape degradation in western Dzungaria has increased under the impact of salt storms.     

天山北坡东西段林沿土壤有机质含量特征对比分析

对采自天山北坡东段(巴里坤-伊吾区段)和西段(昭苏特克斯和新源—巴音布鲁克区段)下林沿土壤剖面(0-5,5-20,20-40 cm)共计133个土壤样品的有机质含量进行了测定,比较分析了不同区段林沿土壤有机质含量的空间差异.结果表明:天山北坡西段林沿土壤剖面层的有机质含量明显高于天山北坡东段.0 5,5-20,20-40cm土层内土壤的有机质含量均表现为东段低于两段;0-5 cm土壤剖面层内昭苏—特克斯区段的土壤有机质含量高于北坡其他区段.5-20,20-40 cm剖面层内土壤北坡新源-巴音布鲁克区段的土壤有机质含量高于北坡其他区段.天山北坡0-5 cm剖面层内土壤有机质含量的最大值出现在昭苏—特克斯区段,5-20,20-40 cm土层土壤剖面层内有机质含量的最大值出现在新源—巴音布鲁克区段.0 5,5-20,20-40 cm土壤剖面层内土壤有机质含量的最小值出现在巴里坤-伊吾区段.0-5,5 20,20-40 cm土壤剖面层内巴里坤—伊吾区段的变异系数最大.0-5 cm土壤剖面层内巴里坤伊吾区段的土壤有机质含量的变异系数属于强变异,其他两个区段土壤有机质含量的变异系数属于中等变异.5-20,20-40 cm土壤剖面层内研究区域的有机质含量的变异系数属于中等变异型.     

Spatial distribution of soil moisture,salinity and organic matter in Manas River watershed,Xinjiang,China

With the classical statistical and geostatistical methods,the study of the spatial distribution and its influence factors of soil water,salinity and organic matter was carried out for 0-70 cm soil layers in Manas River watershed.The results showed that the soil moisture data from all soil layers exhibited a normal distribution,with average values of 14.08%-21.55%.Geostatistical analysis revealed that the content of soil moisture had a moderate spatial autocorrelation with the ratios of nugget/sill ranging from 0.500 to 0.718,which implies that the spatial pattern of soil moisture is influenced by the combined effects of structural factors and random factors.Remarkable spatial distributions with stripped and mottled features were found for soil moisture in all different soil layers.The landform and crop planting had a relatively big influence on the spatial distribution of soil moisture;total soil salinity was high in east but low in west,and non-salinized soil and lightly salinized soil appeared at the northwest and southwest of the study area.Under the effect of reservoir leakage,the heavily salinized soils are widely distributed in the middle of the study area.The areas of the non-salinized and lightly salinized soils decreased gradually with soil depth increment,which is contrary to the case for saline soils that reached a maximum of 245.67 km2 at the layer of 50-70 cm.The types of soil salinization in Manas River watershed were classified into four classes:the sulfate,chloride-sulfate,sulfate-chloride and chloride.The sulfate salinized soil is most widely distributed in the surface layer.The areas of chloride-sulfate,sulfate-chloride,and chloride salinized soils increased gradually along with the increment of soil depth;the variation range of the average values of soil organic matter content was between 7.48%-11.33%.The ratios of nugget/sill reduced gradually from 0.698 to 0.299 with soil depth increment,which shows that the content of soil organic matter has a moderate spatial autocorrelation.The soil organic matter in all soil layers met normal distribution after logarithmic transformation.The spatial distribution patterns of soil organic matter and soil moisture were similar;the areas with high organic matter contents were mainly distributed in the south of the study area,with the lowest contents in the middle.     

Water availability and state of water resources within water-economic basins in Kazakhstan

Paddy and Water Environment - Water is one of the most important natural resources. The water availability and scarcity depend on various natural and anthropogenic factors. Based on generalization...     

水分胁迫对覆膜滴灌棉花根系活力和叶片生理的影响

采用田间试验法,分析不同程度水分胁迫条件下棉花花铃期根尖根系活力、叶片叶绿素、脯氨酸和丙二醛含量变化,并对叶片脯氨酸、丙二醛含量和根系活力与土壤含水率进行相关性分析。试验以60 cm土层田间持水量的105%、100%、95%、90%、85%、80%为灌溉上限,共设6个灌水梯度,即5 400、4 950、4 500、3 750、2 850 m³/hm²和2 550 m³/hm²。结果表明：单株叶片干重及叶面积、地上部干生物量、株高、叶绿素含量随灌水量的减少而降低,根冠比随灌水量的减少而增加。脯氨酸及丙二醛含量随灌水量的降低而升高,且与土壤含水率呈负相关关系,相关系数（r）分别为-0.704和-0.667;根系活力随灌水量的降低而降低,与土壤含水率呈正相关关系,其相关系数为0.67。当灌水上限为95%,即灌水量为4 500 m³/hm²时,作物表现出轻微的水分胁迫,随灌溉量的继续降低,胁迫加重。植物体内脯氨酸、丙二醛含量及根系活力与土壤含水率的相关关系在一定程度上可以用来表征棉花受干旱程度,可为棉花的灌溉管理提供参考依据。