新疆艾比湖湖面动态变化及其影响研究

艾比湖是新疆典型的平原区湖泊,随着近50年来流域气候和人类扰动双重影响下,艾比湖湖面相应呈现出动态变化的态势。由于其地理区位独特,艾比湖湖面变化所引发的区域性生态环境问题,已成为关系到新疆社会经济可持续发展全局的紧迫问题。本文以艾比湖为研究靶区,从年内与年际尺度对湖面变化进行研究,并在剖析湖面动态变化原因的基础上,系统地分析了湖面动态变化的生态环境效应及其影响[1,2]。指出要维护艾比湖地区良好的生态环境,必须对艾比湖最优运行水位加以研究,通过最优运行水位模型的构建来确定具体优化管理方案,以确保艾比湖流域生态环境与社会经济的和谐发展。     

新疆湖泊沉积记录的气候水文变化及其环境效应

在综合分析湖泊沉积记录的西北干旱区全新世气候特征及演变规律基础上,对新疆不同时间尺度上湖泊的水文变化进行了研究.新疆不同地区全新世气候环境存在差异,北疆全新世主要经历了早期温干、中期暖湿以及后期温十的气候演化过程,但不同湖泊记录的气候转型时间有所差别.南疆全新世以来湖泊记录研究较少,对气候演变规律有不同的认识,但中全新世暖湿气候特征具有一致性.根据近千年来的湖泊沉积记录研究,近百年来新疆处于暖干化阶段.总体来看,全新世以来湖泊水位出现了明显的波动.并呈现总体下降的趋势.然而,近50年来,随着流域人口增加、社会经济发展等强烈的人类活动影响,造成流域水资源的匮乏,导致湖面的快速萎缩,引起严重的区域环境问题.地质历史时期的湖面升降,敏感地体现了气候的波动过程,由气候因子波动及人类活动趋势分析,新疆湖泊水面将继续萎缩.     

近期新疆湖泊变化所示的气候趋势

由绿洲及其所在荒漠盆地平原与周边山地系统共同组成的新疆地域系统、是我国西北干旱区的主要部分之一。由于荒漠盆地平原系统不产生径流 ,因此 ,地表水、浅层地下水和泉水、湖泊都必然地以相邻的山地系统为供给水源地。从山地进入荒漠盆地平原的河流就成为主要供给渠道。博期腾湖、艾丁湖、艾比湖 1 995年以来 ,湖水水位明显升高 ,湖水面积的不断扩大 ,从湖泊水面面积的演变过程 ,主要水源变化 ,气温略微上升 ,降水显著增多诸因素综合系统分析 ,说明在全球气候背景下 ,区域气候和水文变化朝着有利新疆社会经济发展的方向演变 ,这种趋势将持续到 2 1世纪前 1 0年     

艾比湖流域生态环境质量评价

艾比湖流域是我国西北内陆干旱区生态退化最严重的区域之一,上世纪50年代以来,随着流域的开发和气候变迁,湖泊水域面积剧减,湖周平原区呈现了沙漠化扩展、次生盐渍化严重和自然植被大量衰败等生态环境问题。研究分析认为,形成这些问题的根源(驱动力)是:1)持续的干旱和大风等气候特征控制了生态环境的总体面貌;2)地质地貌控制了生态环境的空间格局;3)水文状态特别是地下水控制了生态环境系统的演化方向和生态结构与功能,地表水、地下水、土壤水和大气降水均以各自的方式影响着流域的植被和生态;4)人类水资源利用和土地开发影响了生态环境的规模和稳定性。以此为基础,用各自的表征指标构成基于驱动力的生态环境质量评价指标体系。利用Matlab中的径向基神经网络模型定量评价了流域的生态环境质量,结果表明流域生态环境从山地向平原到湖泊逐渐变差,最差的地段是艾比湖湖滨的盐土平原、沼泽湿地,这说明保护艾比湖是该地区生态环境的核心问题,要实现流域协调发展必须保证足够的入湖水量。     

干旱区平原湖泊旅游资源可持续开发研究——以新疆艾丁湖为例

干旱区的平原湖泊,不仅是该区域重要的水资源,而且是举足轻重的环境资源,它的"冷岛效应"比绿洲更强,这对于西北干旱区的社会、经济、环境可持续发展至关重要.但干旱区平原湖泊的生态环境非常脆弱,人为扰动对其影响较大.随着近年来干旱区平原湖泊旅游资源开发的增多,如何保证这些旅游资源的可持续发展,尽可能保护这些生态环境脆弱地区可...     

中国西北干旱区湖泊水资源—环境问题与对策

西北干旱气候区湖泊众多 ,多盐湖和咸水湖泊 ,湖泊水资源贫乏。在人类活动的影响下 ,西北内陆干旱区多数湖泊水资源严重短缺 ,湖泊咸化、萎缩甚至干涸的过程加快 ,对湖泊生态环境造成巨大的破坏。西部大开发过程中要重视湖泊流域水资源管理、积极节约用水、加强湖泊生态环境恢复建设和公众环境教育等对策的实施     

人类活动干预后的博斯腾湖流域水资源持续利用问题

随着人类活动的加剧,博斯腾湖流域原有的水文状态发生了很大变化,水资源问题也日趋严重,并引起众多专家学者的关注。本文分析了在人类活动干预后博斯腾湖流域的水位、水环境变化、成因及其生态环境效应,并在此基础上提出了水资源可持续利用的若干对策措施。     

陕北地区水资源可持续利用评价

以水资源复合系统为基础,建立了陕北地区水资源可持续利用评价指标体系,应用模糊综合评判方法和人工神经网络方法对该地区1996~2005年的水资源可持续利用水平进行了定量评价。结果表明:陕北地区除本身干旱缺水以外,水污染、生态环境恶化、用水效率低和经济水平不高是影响该区水资源可持续利用的主要因素;1996~2005延安市和榆林市的水资源可持续利用水平均处于较弱和中等之间,且呈上升趋势,提高陕北地区水资源可持续利用水平有很大潜力。     

流域气候变化和人类活动对内陆湖泊影响的分析

近几十年来干旱和半干旱地区的内陆湖泊发生了巨大的变化,有的出现了面积萎缩和水位下降,有的水位和面积保持稳定,有的消失;博斯腾湖是我国最大的内陆淡水湖,青海湖是我国最大的内陆咸水湖;因此,研究其流域气候变化和人类活动对湖泊的影响具有代表性,对更好保护内陆湖泊,合理利用湖泊水资源具有重要的意义。利用1958-2000年流域降水和温度的资料和灌溉引水量的资料,采用年代对比、距平百分率、滑动平均曲线方法分析了气候变化和人类活动对博斯腾湖和青海湖的影响。分析结果表明气候变化是湖泊水位变化的主要原因;人类活动对博斯腾湖水位变化有一定的影响,而对青海湖水位变化的影响微弱。     

基于ICESat-2卫星测高数据的呼伦湖水位变化监测

草原湖泊水位变化预示着草原生态环境的变化,是草原生态变化的重要指标。利用2018年11月—2022年1月ICESat-2卫星的ATL13全球内陆水体数据,构建呼伦湖高精度水位变化序列。使用DAHITI、Hydroweb和GREALM水位数据进行结果验证。依据湖泊面积与水位变化关系,构建水位面积关系模型,分析湖泊水位季节性变化特征及外界因素对湖泊水位的影响。研究结果表明：2018年11月—2022年1月,呼伦湖水位整体呈现上升趋势,年均水位上涨率为0.49 m·a-1;湖泊每年3—6月水位下降,7—10月水位上涨,11月—次年2月水位稳定。通过与DAHITI、Hydroweb和G-REALM水位数据对比验证可知,ICESat-2卫星监测水位数据稳定,水位序列精度高,均方根误差为9.7 cm,结果可靠。ICESat-2卫星水位监测成果结合湖泊水位面积模型,可实现多时段、高精度湖泊水位监测,并计算水位季节性变化时间序列,结果显示,呼伦湖水位季节性特征明显,且年际变化趋势基本稳定,春季至夏季水位下降,夏季至冬季水位上升。湖泊水位变化受外界因素的影响较大,气温升高引起的蒸发量增大是湖泊水位下降的...     

利用MODIS数据对2000～2009年新疆主要湖泊面积变化与气候响应的分析

湖泊变迁敏感地记录着气候与环境变化的信息,是全球变化直接的反映。新疆是我国湖泊面积最多的省区之一,湖泊大多为河流的尾闾湖,易受气候和人为干扰,面积变化大。文中利用MODIS数据,运用NDVI等模型,通过其波段组合并采用目视解译的方法对全疆主要湖泊2000～2009年湖泊面积统计,并通过全疆17个台站降水量、积温、湿润度...     

Climate effects on an inland alpine lake in Xinjiang,China over the past 40 years

Inland lakes are important water resources in arid and semiarid regions. Understanding climate effects on these lakes is critical to accurately evaluate the dynamic changes of water resources. This study focused on the changes in Sayram Lake of Xinjiang, China, and addressed the effects of climate fluctuations on the inland lake based on long-term sequenced remote sensing images and meteorological data from the past 40 years. A geographic information system (GIS) method was used to obtain the hypsometry of the basin area of Sayram Lake, and estimation methods for evaporation from rising temperature and water levels from increasing precipitation were proposed. Results showed that: (1) Areal values of Sayram Lake have increased over the past 40 years. (2) Both temperature and precipitation have increased with average increases of more than 1.8℃ and 82 mm, respectively. Variation of the water levels in the lake was consistent with local climate changes, and the areal values show linear relationships with local temperature and precipitation data. (3) According to the hypsometry data of the basin area, the estimated lake water levels increased by 2.8 m, and the water volume increased by 12.9×10 8 m3 over the past 40 years. The increasing area of Sayram Lake correlated with local and regional climatic changes because it is hardly affected by human activities.     

Impacts of climate change and human activities on water resources in the Ebinur Lake Basin,Northwest China

Changing climatic conditions and extensive human activities have influenced the global water cycle. In recent years, significant changes in climate and land use have degraded the watershed ecosystem of the Ebinur Lake Basin in Xinjiang, Northwest China. In this paper, variations of runoff, temperature, precipitation, reference evapotranspiration, lake area, socio-economic water usage, groundwater level and water quality in the Ebinur Lake Basin from 1961 to 2015 were systematically analyzed by the Mann-Kendall test methods(M-K) mutation test, the cumulative levelling method, the climate-sensitive method and land-use change index. In addition, we evaluated the effects of human activities on land use change and water quality. The results reveal that there was a significant increase in temperature and precipitation from 1961 to 2015, despite a decrease in reference evapotranspiration. The Wenquan station was not significantly affected by human activities as it is situated at a higher altitude. Runoff at this station increased significantly with climate warming. In contrast, runoff at the Jinghe station was severely affected by numerous human activities. Runoff decreased without obvious fluctuations. The contributions of climate change to runoff variation at the Jinghe and Wenquan stations were 46.87% and 58.94%, respectively; and the contributions of human activities were 53.13% and 41.06%, respectively. Land-use patterns in the basin have changed significantly between 1990 and 2015: urban and rural constructed lands, saline-alkali land, bare land, cultivated land, and forest land have expanded, while areas under grassland, lake, ice/snow and river/channel have declined. Human activities have dramatically intensified land degradation and desertification. From 1961 to 2015, both the inflow into the Ebinur Lake and the area of the lake have declined year by year; groundwater levels have dropped significantly, and the water quality has deteriorated during the study period. In the oasis irrigation area below the runoff pass, human activities mainly influenced the utilization mode and quantity of water resources. Changes in the hydrology and quantity of water resources were driven primarily by the continuous expansion of cultivated land and oasis, as well as the growth of population and the construction of hydraulic engineering projects. After 2015, the effects of some ecological protection projects were observed. However, there was no obvious sign of ecological improvement in the basin, and some environmental problems continue to persist. On this basis, this study recommends that the expansion of oasis should be limited according to the carrying capacity of the local water bodies. Moreover, in order to ensure the ecological security of the basin, it is necessary to determine the optimal oasis area for sustainable development and improve the efficiency of water resources exploitation and utilization.     

基于MODIS数据的近期新疆主要湖泊水面变化分析

湖泊的水面积变化是气候变化和人类活动的指示器。利用2000-2011年的MODIS影像,提取新疆水面面积大于100 km²的11个湖泊信息,分析其变化特征。结果表明：11个湖泊总的水面积年变化大,其中最低值出现在2001年,约为4 585 km²,峰值在2003年,水面积为52 77 km²,湖面变幅大且频繁,而近几年湖泊面积总体呈增加趋势。从海拔和地域上分析,阿雅克库木湖等青藏高原型湖泊呈现持续扩张态势,山地湖泊如赛里木湖等湖泊面积基本保持稳定,而出山口绿洲湖泊如博斯腾湖水面积逐渐萎缩,尤其是平原湖泊艾比湖和玛纳斯湖等湖泊水面年变化幅度大,且极不稳定。新疆地区不同海拔和区域主要湖泊水面积变化存在明显的差异,体现了不同区域气候和人类活动的影响特征,但近期湖泊变化的总体趋势与气候变化一致,主要受气候变化的影响。      

Lake surface area method to define minimum ecological lake level from level-area-storage curves

Lake level assessment is essential for the protection of ecosystem in shrunk or shrinking lakes. Minimum ecological lake level is the critical lake level below which there should be no human activities to further decrease the lake level, and this level can provide a certain protection for the lake ecosystem. Lake surface area method was proposed to define the minimum ecological lake storage as the breakpoint of the lake surface area-storage curve, where the curve slope equals to the ratio of maximum lake surface area to maximum lake storage. If the curve can be expressed as a simple analytical function, the minimum ecological lake storage can be calculated analytically. Otherwise, it can be calculated numerically using the ideal point method for an equivalent multi-objective optimization model that balances ecosystem protection and water use. Then the minimum ecological lake level can be estimated from the lake level-storage curve. Compared with available lake morphology analysis methods, the lake surface area method is superior in its definition of minimum ecological lake level, applicable range of lake morphology, and calculation complexity. The proposed method was applied to two representative lakes in China, including one freshwater lake (the Dongting Lake in Hunan province in Central China) and one saltwater lake (the Ebinur Lake in Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region in Northwest China). The estimated minimum ecological lake level for the Dongting Lake is 26.7 m, at which 31% of the maximum lake storage provides 87% of the maximum lake surface area. The result for the Ebinur Lake is 191.2 m, at which 24% of the maximum lake storage provides 54% of the maximum lake surface area. The estimated minimum ecological lake level balances the conflict between economical and ecological water uses, and can provide a relatively larger habitat for the lake ecosystem with relatively smaller lake storage. These results are rational compared with the results of other methods. The calculated minimum ecological lake level can be used in the protection of lake ecosystems and the planning and rational use of water resources in lake basins.     

新疆湖泊水化学研究

本文对新疆30多个主要湖泊的pH、矿化度及水化学类型作了研究,并按湖水的盐分含量和矿化度划分为淡水湖、咸水湖及盐湖三种类型。新疆由于是内陆干旱地区,淡水湖的面积很小,主要是咸水湖和盐湖。     

Growth of the Sayram Lake and retreat of its water-supplying glaciers in the Tianshan Mountains from 1972 to 2011

Inland lakes and alpine glaciers are important constituents of water resources in arid and semiarid regions. Understanding their variations is critical for both an accurate evaluation of the dynamic changes of water resources and the retrieval of climatic information. On the basis of earlier researches, this study investigated the growth of the Sayram Lake and the retreat of its water-supplying glaciers in the Tianshan Mountains using long-term sequenced remote sensing images. Our results show that over the past 40 years, the surface area and the water level of the lake has increased by 12.0±0.3 km2 and 2.8 m, respectively, and the area of its water-supplying glaciers has decreased continuously since the early 1970 s with a total reduction of about –2.13±0.03 km2. Our study has indicative significance to the research of regional climate change.