鲜猪肉病原菌污染研究进展

鲜猪肉病原菌污染是引起食源性中毒因素之一,近年来有愈演愈烈趋势。论文从鲜猪肉病原菌污染种类(革兰阳性菌和革兰阴性菌)、污染来源(内源性和外源性)、检测技术(病原学、免疫学、分子生物学和光谱学)和控制措施(源头环节控制、加工环节控制和流通销售环节控制)等四个方面进行了综述,以期为鲜猪肉的卫生安全保障提供参考。     

高产优质香蕉新品种的组培快繁和栽培技术

为更好推广优质丰产香蕉新品种,通过对新育成品种金巴香蕉进行多年的组培快繁技术和大田栽培技术的分析研究,总结了金巴香蕉新品种组培苗生产各环节的技术要求和关键技术,并介绍了金巴大田高产优质栽培技术要点。     

浅谈饲料细菌种类及其污染控制

本文阐述了污染饲料的细菌种类及其饲料污染的危害后果,介绍了从饲料生产各环节上控制污染的措施。     

果品无污染生产对策研究

基于当前我国果品污染控制参差不齐、社会对无污染果品强烈需求,从果品污染途径、深层原因及生产对策3个方面,对果品无污染生产进行了系统分析研究.认为果品污染途径包括生态环境、生产环节、加工环节、存储销售环节等;深层原因主要包括政策、观念、市场、生态环境、产业链不成熟等因素;有效解决途径包括加强宣传动员、建立生产标准与技术规范、推广普及先进技术、加强生产与流通监管、搞好论证工作、加大生态环境保护、推进产业发展等.     

山东省生猪养殖至屠宰环节猪圆环病毒2型污染情况调查

为了解山东省生猪养殖、流通、屠宰加工等环节中猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)的污染状况,选取全省16个地市63个场点(17个养殖场、19个屠宰场、17辆生猪运输车辆以及10个车辆洗消中心),采集环境样品520份,采用荧光PCR方法进行PCV2病原检测。结果显示:各环节均有PCV2污染,其中养殖场、屠宰场、运输车辆、洗消中心的场点阳性率分别为5.88%、5.26%、5.88%和20.00%,样品阳性率分别为2.01%、1.68%、0.75%和2.90%;阳性样品主要来自养殖场的兽医室以及粪污、屠宰场待宰圈和洗消中心污水。结果表明,环境中的PCV2污染面较广,从生猪养殖、运输到屠宰各环节均有散播病毒的风险,其中兽医室、粪污、待宰圈、洗消污水的风险更高。因此,需要加强各环节的生物安全控制,重点防范病毒传播风险较高的环节。本研究解释了近年来国内PCV2感染率一直居高不下的原因,从而为PCV2污染控制提供了依据。     

牛胚胎移植各环节微生物污染的控制技术和措施

在胚胎移植过程中,微生物的污染是影响移植成功率的主要原因之一。我们在多年的牛胚胎移植技术工作中,在各个技术环节上采用不同的技术和措施来控制微生物的污染,提高胚胎移植成功率。2003年9～12月期间,我们使用鲜胚长距离运输后移植受体牛的妊娠率,总的移植受胎率为48．8％（21／43）,随着各项技术的不断改进和提高,2009年3～5月期间,我们使用肉牛冷冻胚胎移植,移植成功率达到74．1％（40／54）。现将我们在胚胎移植过程各技术环节控制微生物污染的技术和措施报告如下。     

猪精液的细菌污染监测试验

<正> 家畜人工授精是发展畜牧业生产的一项新技术,但在基层由于各方面的因素,会使精液污染,从而直接影响到母畜的受胎率。造成流产、死胎、欠配不孕等疾病。为了探索本地区猪精液中污染的细菌种类,细菌数量,污染的环节以及控制污染的办法,我们进行了近2年的监测试验。现将结果报告如下:     

产气荚膜梭菌及其公共卫生危害

产气荚膜梭菌(C. perfringens)在自然界广泛分布,在鸡、鸭、猪、牛等食源动物中均普遍流行。生肉及其制品在加工过程中可能被产气荚膜梭菌污染而引起人的食源性腹泻,而且越来越多的证据表明产气荚膜梭菌出现了多种耐药性,因此控制产气荚膜梭菌污染具有重要的公共卫生意义。本文从该病流行、毒素、耐药基因、屠宰零售及食品污染风险等各环节进行梳理,分析该病引起的公共卫生危害,并提出了相关的控制建议。     

肉品加工过程中影响卫生指标因素的探讨

国家实行生猪等动物"定点屠宰,集中检疫”以来,对控制、扑灭动物疫病和保障人民食肉安全,起到了决定性的作用.但是,当前还存在着疏忽屠宰加工各环节的卫生管理现象,造成屠宰加工产品不同程度的细菌污染.笔者为探索解决此问题的最佳方案,结合生产实际,对生猪屠宰加工产品的污染程度进行了分类、分组检验测定,现将结果报告如下.     

肉鸡屠宰环节食源性病原菌主要污染途径及常用消毒方式

肉鸡屠宰是生鲜肉流入市场的最后一道环节,但在屠宰加工过程中很容易造成交叉污染。为寻找屠宰链的关键污染环节并根据其特点采取有效的防控措施,总结了屠宰环节主要的食源性病原菌污染途径及屠宰场常用消毒剂。研究显示：屠宰场肉鸡污染源主要来自肉鸡本身携带的病原菌及屠宰过程中的交叉污染,污染途径主要包括屠宰环境及设施、屠宰用具以及预冷和分割。目前成本最低且最易实现的控制手段是消毒,可从物理消毒及化学消毒着手,按照每种方式的优缺点合理选用,加强对屠宰设备及各屠宰环节的消毒,减少二次污染,同时开发符合食品标准的高效消毒剂,保障上市生鲜肉的食品卫生安全。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.