温度和频率对鱼糜介电特性的影响

采用同轴探针方法分别测定了30～80℃，频率320～2960MHz内罗非鱼鱼糜和阿拉斯加狭鳕鱼糜的介电常数和介电损失率。频率一定时，两种鱼糜的介电常数随温度升高而降低；在相同的温度下，频率增加，鱼糜的介电常数反而减小。频率升高使两种鱼糜的介电损失率先减少后增加，分别在890MHz(罗非鱼鱼糜)和1350MHz(狭鳕鱼糜)出现拐点。温度与介电损失率的相关性与频率有关，拐点频率之前，温度与介电损失率成正相关性，而大于拐点频率时，则成负相关性。本研究提出了两种鱼糜的介电常数和介电损大率关于温度和频率的预测方程，预测值与实验值具有良好的一致性。两种鱼糜的穿透深度在915MHz随温度升高而减小，在2450MHz时则正好相反。鱼种的差异对鱼糜介电特性和穿透深度有较大影响。SPSS软件可以对鱼糜的介电特性进行有效预测。     

基于介电特性的狭鳕鱼糜无线电波解冻数值模拟

无线电波加热具有选择加热的特性,随着被解冻物料温度的升高,物料的介电特性随温度的变化会导致热点部位吸收能量多,升温迅速,而相应的较冷部位吸收能量少,致使温度分布差异增大,物料品质大幅下降。提高加热均匀性是无线电波解冻中被最为关注的问题。文章以阿拉斯加狭鳕(Theragra chalcogramma)鱼糜为研究对象,采用同轴探针方法测定了狭鳕鱼糜的介电特性,得出了狭鳕鱼糜介电常数和介电损失随温度变化的回归方程;在此基础上应用COMSOL Multiphysics软件,对无线电波解冻狭鳕鱼糜的物理过程进行动态数值模拟,以有限元方法数值求解电磁波耗散及热传递耦合方程并通过实验测定对温度计算值进行验证。结果表明,基于介电特性的耦合方程可准确地模拟无线电波加热过程的温度变化,从而用于预测物料的温度分布。     

温度、频率和水分含量对罗非鱼介电特性的影响

采用同轴探针法在温度10~90 °C、频率300~3 000 MHz、干基水分含量3.8590~0.1161 g/g d.b.的条件下对罗非鱼的介电特性值(介电常数ε^?, 介电损失率ε^?)进行了测定。结果显示, 罗非鱼4个部位(前部、中部、尾部、腹部)的介电常数相近, 最大部位差为4.91, 平均部位差为2.37; 4个部位介电损失率变化趋势相同, 只有腹部的值偏小, 这是由于腹部脂肪含量相较于其他部位稍高。但是由于这种差别微小, 成分对介电损失率的影响可以忽略, 所以本研究中以4个部位介电常数、介电损失率的平均值为指标, 考察温度、频率、水分含量对罗非鱼介电特性值(ε^?, ε^?)的影响。温度一定时, 介电常数随频率升高而降低; 频率一定时, 介电常数随温度升高而降低; 温度和频率一定时, 介电常数随水分含量的降低而急剧降低。频率的升高使得介电损失率呈先降低再升高趋势, 在2 300 MHz附近出现拐点, 拐点之前, 介电损失率随温度的升高而升高, 拐点之后, 介电损失率随温度的升高而降低。介电损失率随着水分含量的降低而降低。可算得罗非鱼在915、2 450 MHz频率下, 10~90 °C, 3.859 0~0.1161 g/g d.b.时的穿透深度, 采用回归分析法得出罗非鱼介电特性值及穿透深度的回归预测方程, 预测值与实验值呈良好的一致性。     

915 MHz和2 450 MHz频率下温度和大豆分离蛋白对鲢鱼糜复合素材介电特性的影响

以鲢擂溃鱼浆及其添加不同比例的大豆分离蛋白乳化物的复合素材为对象,在10~80 ℃范围内,采用同轴探针方法分别测定了915 MHz和2 450 MHz频率下的介电常数和介电损失率。结果表明,鲢擂溃鱼浆及其复合素材的介电常数随温度的升高而减小,介电损失率随温度的升高而增大;温度一定时,介电常数和介电损失率均随频率的增加而减小;添加大豆分离蛋白乳化物添加量在6.5%~28%范围内时,介电常数和介电损失率随添加量的增加而增大。鲢擂溃鱼浆及其复合素材的穿透深度随温度的升高而减小,随大豆分离蛋白乳化物的添加量增加而减小。频率、温度和大豆分离蛋白乳化物对鲢擂溃鱼浆的介电特性和穿透深度有较大影响。利用SPSS软件进行回归分析得到预测方程,对介电常数、介电损失率和穿透深度能够进行有效预测。     

壳聚糖对鲢鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

将壳聚糖添加到鲢鱼糜制品中,测定鱼糜制品的凝胶强度、全质构(TPA)、失水率和色泽,研究壳聚糖的脱乙酰度(DD)、分子量(MW)以及添加量对鲢鱼糜凝胶特性的影响,采用电镜扫描观察凝胶的微观结构,结果表明,壳聚糖DD对鱼糜制品凝胶特性影响较大,DD为64%时,凝胶强度提高了约34%,失水率减少了29.1%;壳聚糖MW对鱼糜制品的凝胶强度影响小;随着壳聚糖添加量的增加,鱼糜凝胶强度、TPA都有明显的增加,失水率减少(P<0.05),添加1.0%壳聚糖的鱼糜凝胶强度与添加4.0%淀粉的鱼糜凝胶强度相当;微观结构可看出壳聚糖与鱼糜形成网络结构。结果说明壳聚糖是鱼糜制品良好的品质改良剂。     

羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯对虾糜凝胶特性及其蛋白结构的影响

为考察羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯（hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate, HPDSP）对中华管鞭虾Solenocera melantho虾糜凝胶性能的改善效果，在虾糜中分别添加1%、3%、5%、7%、9%的HPDSP，以凝胶强度、质地剖面分析、持水性、凝胶微观结构等为指标，并提取虾糜溶胶、凝胶化虾糜、虾糜凝胶中的肌原纤维蛋白，通过圆二色光谱分析蛋白分子二级结构，探究HPDSP对虾糜凝胶性能的影响及其机理。结果表明：添加HPDSP能提高虾糜凝胶的凝胶强度和持水性，并在添加量为7%时达到最大值；HPDSP使虾糜凝胶a*值和b*值下降，但L*值和白度除9%添加量组外，均没有显著变化；适量HPDSP能提高虾糜凝胶硬度、弹性、粘聚性和咀嚼性，促进虾糜形成更加致密稳定的凝胶网状结构。在虾糜凝胶化过程中，加热引起肌原纤维蛋白的α-螺旋含量降低，β-折叠和无规卷曲含量升高，同时HPDSP会对肌原纤维蛋白热变性和聚集产生影响，从而改变其二级结构，影响虾糜凝胶的形成。结论：在中华管鞭虾虾糜中，添加7%的HPDSP能显著改善虾糜凝胶性能。     

用鲢鱼加工模拟蟹腿肉的试验

本试验以国内大宗养殖产品鲢鱼为原料,取代部份进口原料生产模拟蟹腿肉。结果显示,添加30%的鲢鱼鱼糜不影响产品质量,与100%用狭鳕鱼糜生产的产品无明显质量差别。本文同时总结了鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶形成能的特性,以及提高凝胶强度的方法;讨论了在我国发展鲢鱼模拟制品生产的可行性和急待研究解决的课题。     

膨化参数对饲料淀粉糊化度和蛋白质体外消化率的影响

试验采用胃蛋白酶-胰蛋白酶两步法和β-淀粉酶法分别测定饲料蛋白质体外消化率和淀粉糊化度,探讨了膨化工艺参数对二者的影响。结果表明：物料水分含量、喂料速度、螺杆转速和机筒温度的适度增加都使淀粉糊化度、蛋白质体外消化率增大;机筒温度过高反而使蛋白质体外消化率减小。适宜的膨化条件为：调质后水分26%-30%,喂料速度30-60 r/min,螺杆转速150-250 r/min,机筒温度120-135℃。在此条件下,饲料的淀粉糊化度为90%-92%,蛋白质体外消化率为90%-92%。     

糊化淀粉尿素对奶牛产奶性能的影响

主要探讨在奶牛精料补充料中添加不同浓度的糊化淀粉尿素对奶牛产奶性能的影响,采用单因素试验设计方法,在中国荷斯坦奶牛精饲料中添加0%、1%、1.5%、2%的糊化淀粉尿素。考察添加不同浓度的糊化淀粉尿素对奶牛产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白的影响。结果表明:添加1.5%糊化淀粉尿素奶牛产奶量及饲料利用率的提高达到最佳,对乳脂率、乳蛋白的影响不显著。     

鲢肌球蛋白热诱导的凝胶化温度

为了研究鲢鱼糜凝胶化温度与肌球蛋白热稳定性的关系,测定经不同凝胶化温度处理的鱼糜凝胶特性,利用浊度法检测鲢肌球蛋白溶液聚集体的形成过程,并采用圆二色谱仪、差式量热扫描仪分别对鲢肌球蛋白溶液的α-helix结构变化和热变性温度进行测定。结果表明,鲢鱼糜的适宜凝胶化温度为40℃,肌球蛋白的聚集速率在39℃、51℃、54℃3个温度点时出现大幅度增加,其中39℃时聚集速率最快;肌球蛋白α-helix在40℃、55℃时大量解旋成无规卷曲结构,40℃时解旋速率最快;肌球蛋白存在两个变性温度43.32℃和51.59℃。鲢鱼糜凝胶化温度与肌球蛋白α-helix的第一个解旋温度和第一个变性峰值温度点相对应,凝胶化温度实质上是肌球蛋白的第一个变性峰值温度点。     

鲢、狭鳕鱼糜微波加热凝胶形成的动力学分析

以鲢（Hypophthalmichthys mollitrix）和狭鳕（Theragra chalcogramma）鱼糜为对象,在微波、水浴两种加热条件下,对鱼糜及鱼糜大豆蛋白复合素材试样的凝胶特性——破断力值加以测定,进而考察不同加热方式下两种鱼糜的凝胶形成速度以及微波加热所需的活化能,并对试样能量吸收值进行了比较。结果表明：（1）鲢、狭鳕鱼糜微波加热凝胶形成速度比传统水浴加热高两个数量级,不同鱼种的鱼麋微波加热凝胶形成速度有一定的差异性（P〉0．05）。（2）微波加热下,欲达到相同的破断力值,鲢需要高于狭鳕1倍的活化能,两者对应的复合素材的活化能均小于相应的单一鱼糜试样。（3）与水浴加热相比,在能量吸收值相同的情况下,微波加热试样能达到更高凝胶破断力值。     

Carbohydrate utilization by juvenile silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus (Mitchell). II. Digestibility and utilization of starch and its breakdown products

Abstract The ability of silver perch ( Bidyanus bidyanus ) to digest and utilize dietary starch or starch breakdown products was investigated. For experiment 1 the ability of silver perch (2.7 ± 0.01 g) to digest wheat starch at two dietary inclusion levels (30% or 60%), each at four levels of gelatinization (0%, 25%, 50% or 80%), was investigated over a 31-day period. For experiment 2, the ability of silver perch (15.9± 0.25 g) to digest wheat starch, dextrin (at three levels of dextrinization), maltose, glucose and pea starch, all at the 30% inclusion level, was investigated over a 41-day period. Water temperature for both experiments was 25 ± 1 °C. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) for starch, dry matter (DM) and energy were affected by both degree of gelatinization (80% > 50% > 25% = 0%) and inclusion level (30% > 60%). Specific growth rate (SGR) was unaffected by the inclusion of 30% starch; however, it was reduced at the 60% starch content level. Degree of gelatinization had no effect on SGR. For experiment 2, there were significant differences between carbohydrate and DM ADCs for the test ingredients. The carbohydrate, DM and energy ADCs were ranked as follows: dextrin (Fieldose 9) = dextrin (Fieldose 17) = dextrin (Fieldose 30) = gelatinized wheat starch = maltose = glucose > raw wheat starch > raw pea starch. The protein ADC of the diets, postprandial plasma glucose concentration and SGR were all unaffected by ingredient type. For both experiments, HSI tended to increase with carbohydrate inclusion. Liver glycogen concentrations were also elevated, but muscle glycogen and liver and muscle triacylglycerol concentrations were unaffected. Digestibility of starch by silver perch is clearly affected by inclusion content and processing.     

Study on Gel Properties of Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and White Croaker (Argyrosomus argentatus) Blended Surimi at Different Setting Conditions

Gel properties of blends of surimi from silver carp and white croaker set for a range of times and at different temperatures were evaluated for breaking force, breaking distance, and whiteness. Total protein content was 12% in all samples, and the concentration of white croaker surimi protein in the blends was designed at 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40%. The blended surimi had greater gel strength than either of the two types of surimi alone. Breaking force and breaking distance after setting were also significantly higher than that of the blended surimi cooked directly without setting. The blended surimi exhibited less modori than either of the two types of surimi alone heated to 50°C. The whiteness values of the blended surimi were significantly higher than that of white croaker alone. These results indicate there are advantages to be gained in utilizing surimi from freshwater silver carp in blends with surimi from marine captured white croaker which is becoming limited in supply.     

近红外光谱技术在鱼糜定性和定量上的应用

以海水鱼糜(包括狭鳕、带鱼、鲷和混合鱼糜)以及淡水鱼糜(包括鲢和草鱼鱼糜)为研究对象,应用傅立叶近红外光谱技术结合化学计量学对鱼糜进行定性和定量分析。用聚类分析和线性判别的方法建立海水和淡水鱼糜的定性鉴别模型,并应用偏最小二乘法(PLS)分别建立海水鱼糜水分含量和蛋白质含量的近红外定量分析模型。结果表明,海水和淡水鱼糜的定性鉴别模型预测率达100%;建立的近红外定量分析模型中,海水鱼糜的水分和蛋白质的模型的相关系数分别达0.98和0.96以上,模型能较为准确、快速地预测定海水鱼糜中水分和蛋白质含量,有很大的潜力可应用于实际生产。     

Feed processing affected the digestibility of carbohydrate sources for dourado Salminus brasiliensis

Carbohydrate utilization by fish varies with feeding habits and feed processing. Extruded aquafeeds have increased digestibility of carbohydrate sources resulting from the cooking and gelatinization of this nutrient, making it readily available for all aquatic species. This study aimed at determining the effects of extrusion cooking of feeds in the digestibility of different dietary carbohydrate sources for dourado. Isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets (530 g kg^?1 crude protein and 20.80 MJ kg^?1 gross energy) containing either corn, toasted cassava flour, wheat flour, broken rice, cassava starch, or corn starch, in extruded or pelletized form and added of chromic oxide as inert marker, were fed to groups of juvenile dourado (73.97 ± 12.0 g; n = 40) stocked in 500‐L polyethylene tanks. Extrusion cooking improved the digestibility of energy and/or starch of corn, cassava starch, wheat flour, rice and corn starch (P < 0.05), but did not affect digestibility of toasted cassava flour (P > 0.05). It is thus fair to infer that dourado, despite being a carnivorous species, is properly fit to digest wheat flour, rice and corn starch in natural form.     

Processing technology for walleye pollock: surimi innovation

Imitation crab meat, first developed in Japan, is very popular in restaurants in Paris, appearing as “surimi” on the menu. Today, more than 300,000 tons of imitation crab meat are produced in modern imitation crab meat plants in North America, Europe, and Russia, and the term “surimi” has gained acceptance internationally. The term “surimi” originally referred to frozen surimi, an intermediate material for fish paste products. Frozen surimi was developed from walleye pollock, in Japan, in 1959, marking the beginning of the use of intermediate material for aquatic food products. As intermediate food materials such as wheat flour and starch paved the way for the modernization of the agricultural food industry and the industrialized production of agricultural food, so the development of frozen surimi made worldwide production of imitation crab meat possible, and paved the way for the modernization of the aquatic food industry and the industrialized production of aquatic food based on the results of chemical and technical research. Two major developments, namely frozen surimi and imitation crab meat, promoted the use of walleye pollock and led to innovation in aquatic food production technology.     

Gelation Characteristics of Surimi Gel from Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) by Application of Acid-Alkali Processes

Textural characteristics of silver carp surimi gel prepared from acid- and alkali-produced protein isolates were investigated and compared to the surimi gels derived by conventional methods. The acid-aided method showed the most efficiency to recover proteins (86.2%) in comparison to the alkaline-aided (79.8%) and conventional (76.7%) methods. In the washing of fish mince, every step resulted in reduction of sarcoplasmic protein, and consequently the myofibrillar fraction became more concentrated, as shown by the protein patterns in wash water. Some myofibrillar proteins (mainly actin and myosin) were removed along with sarcoplasmic proteins during washing, reducing yield efficiency during the conventional method of making surimi. During the pH shifting process, myosin heavy chain (MHC) was degraded during low (2.5) pH solubilization, whereas there was only a minimal loss of MHC by either hydrolysis or proteolysis during alkaline solubilization. The breaking force and breaking distance of surimi gel prepared in the pH-shifting processes were significantly (p < 0.05) greater than those of surimi gel made by conventional methods, as were expressible moisture, cohesiveness, and springiness. In conclusion, the pH-shifting technique can be considered as an efficient alternative process in recovery of greater quantities of functional protein from silver carp fillet.     

鲢,鲫细菌性败血症的防治

介绍了链，鲫细菌性败血症的病原，症状及在章丘市的流行情况，采取清塘排水，消毒鱼等措施可预防此病。全池泼洒鱼虾安，鱼虾宁，半呋喃唑酮拌在面糊中制成药饵，然后拌在麦麸，豆饼中投喂，收到较好治疗效果。     

添加圆苞车前子壳粉的鲢鱼糜凝胶工艺优化及其凝胶特性

圆苞车前子壳粉(psyllium husk powder, PHP)是一种富含膳食纤维的食品亲水胶体。为了解其在鱼糜制品中的作用,本实验以冷冻鲢鱼糜为研究对象,以凝胶强度和持水性(water holding capacity, WHC)为考察指标,研究了PHP的添加量、凝胶化温度和凝胶化时间3个因素对鱼糜凝胶特性的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,进行了三因素三水平的正交试验和验证试验。正交试验结果得到最佳工艺条件:PHP添加量0.1%,凝胶化温度45°C,凝胶化时间2 h。单因素试验结果表明,添加适量PHP (0.1%～0.3%)能够增加鱼糜凝胶的硬度和WHC,但对破断距离有不利影响;根据验证试验中蒸煮损失率、SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, SDS-PAGE)和扫描电镜(scanning electron microscopy, SEM)分析,PHP的添加降低了较高凝胶化温度时凝胶的蒸煮损失,PHP或许可以促进肌球蛋白重链(myosin heavy chain, MHC)分子间交联,减缓蛋白质降解,形成更加致密的凝胶结构。本研究对PHP作为一种新型食品原料应用于开发优质健康鱼糜制品进行了初步的探究,以期为丰富亲水胶在影响鱼糜凝胶特性中的应用研究提供一定的参考。     

Carbohydrate utilization by juvenile silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus (Mitchell). III. The protein-sparing effect of wheat starch-based carbohydrates

The ability of juvenile silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus) to utilize dietary raw wheat meal, raw wheat starch, gelatinized wheat starch and dextrin as energy sources to spare protein for growth was quantified. Energy utilization and protein sparing were assessed by comparing the weight gain, energy retention efficiency, protein retention and body composition of silver perch that had been fed a series of diets in which the basal diet (low carbohydrate) was systematically replaced with graded levels of each carbohydrate ingredient or an inert diluent, diatomaceous earth. The protein content decreased as the carbohydrate content increased, giving four different protein to energy ratios for each of the four carbohydrate sources (except for the 60% inclusion level, at which only three carbohydrate sources were tested). Silver perch were efficient at utilizing carbohydrate for energy to spare protein. Silver perch fed diets containing up to 30% wheat meal, raw wheat starch, gelatinized wheat starch or dextrin exhibited similar growth, protein retention and energy retention efficiency to the fish fed the basal diet. Weight gain of silver perch fed diets containing wheat meal or carbohydrates at 45% inclusion content had significantly reduced weight gain when compared with fish fed the basal diet. However, protein retention and energy retention efficiency were similar or better. Whole‐body protein levels of silver perch remained constant regardless of carbohydrate sources, and there was no evidence of increasing whole‐body lipid concentrations for fish fed diets with up to 60% dietary carbohydrate. Silver perch were more efficient at utilizing processed starch (either gelatinized starch or dextrin) than wheat meal or raw wheat starch.