利用体外产气法评定反刍动物饲料的营养价值

试验利用体外产气法评定反刍动物饲料的营养价值。对花生藤、木薯渣、柠檬酸渣和甜叶菊渣4种原料进行体外发酵试验,通过测定各种原料的24h累计产气量、干物质(DM)降解率和细菌氮含量来评定其对反刍动物的营养价值。试验结果表明:花生藤、木薯渣、柠檬酸渣和甜叶菊渣的24h累计产气量分别为93.50、106.25、117.25和54.33ml;DM降解率分别为34.76%、48.34%、24.66%和33.63%;细菌氮含量分别为1.48、1.10、1.54和1.59mol/(g·ml)。总体来看,这几种饲料可以作为反刍动物的新型饲料资源加以推广利用,而且用体外产气法评定反刍动物饲料的营养价值是可行的。     

体外法评定四种非常规饲料原料对山羊的营养价值

试验旨在研究木薯淀粉渣、木薯柠檬酸渣、花生藤、甜叶菊渣四种非常规饲料原料在山羊小肠中的营养成分降解率。选用3头平均体重约为25 kg、体格强健、食欲良好、且已安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的山羊,收集其瘤胃非降解原料。采用单因素试验设计,设0、6、12 h和18 h四个时间点,每个处理时间点4个重复,每个培养瓶内放入0.56 g瘤胃非降解原料、0.45 g的山羊小肠液冻干粉和30 ml缓冲液。利用体外小肠液冻干粉法测定四种非常规饲料原料的干物质降解率、中性洗涤纤维降解率和粗蛋白降解率来评定其对反刍动物的营养价值。结果表明:木薯淀粉渣、木薯柠檬酸渣、花生藤、甜叶菊渣四种原料在山羊小肠液中发酵18 h干物质的降解率分别为50.41%、25.06%、38.25%、19.21%;中性洗涤纤维降解率分别14.25%、33.14%、28.88%、32.28%;粗蛋白降解率分别为16.56%、18.23%、25.86%、21.70%。综上所述,木薯淀粉渣、木薯柠檬酸渣、花生藤、甜叶菊渣这四种非常规饲料原料可以作为反刍动物的新型饲料资源加以推广利用,而且体外小肠液冻干粉法评定反刍动物饲料营养价值的可行性较好。     

体外产气法评定6种草料的营养价值

试验旨在研究木薯杆、花生藤、黄豆秸、香茅草、杂交狼尾草和空心菜等6种草料的营养价值。利用注射器式Menke体外产气法评定这6种草料的营养价值。结果表明,木薯杆、花生藤、黄豆秸、香茅草、杂交狼尾草和空心菜等6种草料的RFV分别为121.00%、87.90%、80.20%、123.30%、104.04%和121.38%,其体外有机物消化率分别为48.26%、46.42%、38.47%、41.61%、49.00%和58.42%,依次属于RFV粗饲料分级标准2级、3级、4级、2级、2级、2级饲料。皆有较好的营养价值,消化率好,可以利用为反刍动物的粗饲料,提高反刍动物产业效益。     

应用体外产气法评定广西区内豆腐渣、木薯渣、啤酒糟的营养价值

试验应用注射器式体外产气法评定来源于广西的豆腐渣、木薯渣、啤酒糟的营养价值。瘤胃液来源于2头健康状况良好的带有瘤胃瘘管的水牛,记录了2、4、6、9、12、24、36、48、72、96 h的累积产气量,并取发酵了96 h的底物作为测定乙酸、丙酸和丁酸以及氨态氮的含量。试验结果显示,从各时间点累计产气量来看,豆腐渣和木薯渣的产气量相近,啤酒糟较低。潜在产气量最高的为豆腐渣,其次为木薯渣,啤酒糟最低。总挥发性脂肪酸最高的是木薯渣,其次为啤酒糟,豆腐渣最低,乙酸比例最高的是木薯渣,啤酒糟豆腐渣的丙酸比例相近,皆高于木薯渣的丙酸比例。根据饲料相对评定指数(RFV)计算公式,得到豆腐渣、木薯渣、啤酒糟的RFV值,从大到小排列顺序为:木薯渣(164.69)>豆腐渣(155.96)>啤酒糟(143.60)。由24 h体外产气量计算的可消化有机物质含量和代谢能从大到小的顺序为:木薯渣(762.12 g/kg,10.81 MJ/kg DM)、豆腐渣(742.77 g/kg,10.54 MJ/kg DM)、啤酒糟(513.03 g/kg,7.33 MJ/kg DM)。     

应用体外产气法评定几种广西饲草的营养价值

应用注射器式体外产气法评定广西的象草、木薯渣、青贮玉米和玉米苞叶及芯的营养价值.瘤胃液来源于健康状况良好的带有瘤胃瘘管的2只青年湖羊,记录1、3、6、9、12、24、36、72和96 h的累积产气量,并取发酵96 h的底物测定乙酸、丙酸、丁酸及氨态氮的含量.结果表明:在各时间点累积产气量最高的为,木薯渣,其次依次为,玉米苞叶及芯,青贮玉米和象草;潜在产气量最高的为,玉米苞叶及芯,其次依次为,木薯渣、青贮玉米和象草.总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)最低的为,象草,其余3种饲草的TVFA相近,在这3种饲草中,木薯渣丙酸含量最高而氨态氮最低.根据RFV(饲料相对值)计算公式,得到4种饲草的RFV值,从大到小排列顺序为,木薯渣(149.5)>青贮玉米(83.3)>象草(68.3)>玉米苞叶及芯(61.5).由24 h体外产气量计算的可消化有机物质含量和代谢能从大到小的顺序为,木薯渣(734.7 g/kg,10.16 MJ/kg DM),玉米苞叶及芯(651.4 g/kg,8.98 MJ/kg DM),青贮玉米(578.7 g/kg,7.96 MJ/kg DM),象草(575.6 g/kg,7.92 MJ/kg DM).     

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为了研究苹果渣用作反刍动物饲料的饲用价值,以3只安装瘤胃瘘管的陕北白绒山羊母羊为试验动物,采用尼龙袋法测定了苹果渣在陕北白绒山羊瘤胃内的干物质(DM)和粗蛋白质(CP)降解率,并用NRC模型分析了苹果渣的瘤胃降解蛋白(RDP)和瘤胃非降解蛋白(RUP)。结果表明,苹果渣在48h的DM降解率为89.16%,CP降解率为82.89%,且二者之间相关性显著(P<0.01);DM和CP有效降解率分别为61.02%和58.44%;RDP含量为58.52%,说明其蛋白质品质较好。因此,由苹果渣降解特性等可以看出,苹果渣含有较高的营养价值,且适口性好,可用作反刍动物饲料。     

穿心莲药渣和甜叶菊渣对羊瘤胃体外发酵的影响

本试验采用体外产气法初步分析穿心莲药渣和甜叶菊渣对羊瘤胃体外发酵过程中各参数的影响,旨在研究该植物源性有机废渣能否应用于反刍动物饲料。瘤胃液取自8头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的健康湖羊,负对照组未添加发酵底物,正对照组分别添加8 g/L的大豆秸、穿心莲药渣和甜叶菊渣,每个处理设4个重复。结果表明:经过24 h体外发酵后,穿心莲药渣组和甜叶菊渣组甲烷(CH4)产量较大豆秸组显著降低(P0.05),有利于温室气体减排,穿心莲药渣和甜叶菊渣可刺激瘤胃微生物的生物代谢活动,促进氨态氮(NH_3-N)向微生物蛋白(MCP)转化,穿心莲药渣组和甜叶菊渣组的MCP含量比大豆秸组有显著提高(P0.05),分别提高了33.33%和33.04%;甜叶菊渣促进了瘤胃中碳水化合物的发酵,与大豆秸相比挥发性脂肪酸产量(TVFA)提高了40.84%(P0.05),甜叶菊渣瘤胃体外发酵为典型的乙酸型发酵。综上可知,穿心莲药渣和甜叶菊渣具有较好的瘤胃厌氧发酵性能,可作为基料开发出较好的反刍动物饲料。     

瘤胃尼龙袋法和体外产气法评定反刍动物饲料的营养价值的比较

试验通过评定菜籽粕、玉米、米糠、苜蓿、玉米青贮和玉米秸秆的营养价值来比较瘤胃尼龙袋法和体外产气实验。结果表明:各种饲料的干物质有效降解率分别为52.90%、54.27%、65.70%、40.76%、37.24%和38.17%,精饲料干物质有效降解率(EDMD)中,a部分占比例较高(其中米糠达到64.51%);每克饲料DM的渐进产气量(A)分别为105.00、180.51、109.30、172.71、147.76和148.66 mL,粗饲料的产气量普遍高于精饲料;两种方法中,产气参数A、B与EDMD均呈负相关(r=-0.55和r=-0.61)。从速率曲线来看,降解速率曲线主要反映了b部分的降解情况,而饲料产气的速率曲线却能明显反映出两相的发酵情况。     

体外发酵产气技术在饲料营养价值评定中的应用

体外产气技术是反刍动物饲料营养价值评定中常用的方法之一。文章比较了体内法、瘤胃尼龙袋法和体外法在反刍动物营养价值评定中的特点,并着重从体外产气技术的技术细节、测定装置和应用范围进行了全面的论述,为该技术的标准化和自动化提供参考。     

用体外发酵法评价亚热带几种常用反刍动物饲料的营养价值

试验旨在用体外发酵法评价亚热带多种常用反刍动物饲料的营养价值。选用甘蔗尾、紫色象草、桂闽引象草、构树、玉米秸秆、菠萝皮、鲜豆腐渣、鲜啤酒渣和罗汉果渣9种饲料作为发酵底物,通过瘘管采集成年湘东黑山羊的瘤胃液,利用全自动体外模拟瘤胃发酵设备进行48 h体外发酵。根据总产气量（TGP）、甲烷产量、干物质降解率（DMD）以及挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）浓度等发酵参数进行评价。结果表明：几种料渣中,48 h总产气量、甲烷产量、干物质降解率和VFA浓度由高到低的顺序均为鲜豆腐渣、菠萝皮、鲜啤酒渣、罗汉果渣;几种草料中,玉米秸秆的甲烷产量最高,构树的48 h总产气量、干物质降解率和VFA浓度最高,罗汉果渣的这几项指标均最低。由上述结果可知,从常规营养成分、体外发酵产气和挥发性脂肪酸浓度等方面综合考虑,除罗汉果渣外,其他8种常用饲料均可作为反刍动物的优质饲料加以开发利用。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.