H3亚型禽流感病毒巢式PCR检测方法的建立

为建立一种H3亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)的检测方法,本研究针对H3亚型AIV HA基因保守序列,设计并筛选出2对特异性引物,通过优化反应条件,建立了H3亚型AIV巢式PCR检测方法。对该法进行特异性和敏感性检验,并用该法对96份临床样品进行检测。特异性试验结果表明该法只能检测到H3亚型AIV,对其他常见禽病病原体不扩增;敏感性试验结果表明该巢式PCR对H3亚型AIV检测下限为1×10³拷贝/μL,灵敏度比常规PCR高100倍;96份临床样品检测结果与病毒分离结果一致。本研究所建立的巢式PCR为H3亚型AIV的诊断提供了一种准确、有效的检测方法。     

H3亚型禽流感病毒二温式RT-PCR检测方法的建立及初步应用

为建立快速、准确检测H3亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)的方法,根据GenBank中H3亚型AIV HA基因序列,设计出1对特异性引物,通过优化反应条件建立了H3亚型AIV二温式RT-PCR检测方法。对该法进行特异性、敏感性检测,并对256份临床样品进行检测。结果表明,该法只能扩增H3亚型AIV,对其他亚型AIV及常见禽病病原体不扩增;对H3亚型AIV检测下限为1×10~4拷贝/μL;256份临床样品检测结果与病毒分离鉴定结果一致。与普通RT-PCR相比该法节省了30min,表明所建立的H3亚型AIV二温式RT-PCR方法是一种快速、简便和特异的检测方法。     

H4亚型和N2亚型禽流感病毒二重RT-PCR检测方法的建立

为建立一种简单、快速鉴别H4亚型和N2亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)的方法,针对H4亚型AIV HA基因和N2亚型AIV NA基因的保守区域,分别设计筛选出1对特异性引物,通过优化反应条件,建立了H4亚型和N2亚型AIV二重RT-PCR检测方法。该法可特异性扩增H4亚型和N2亚型AIV,对其他亚型AIV和常见禽病病原体无交叉反应;对H4亚型和N2亚型AIV的检测下限均为10~4拷贝/μL;对152份临床样品的检测结果与病毒分离鉴定结果一致。本研究建立的二重RT-PCR方法为H4亚型和N2亚型AIV的诊断提供了快速、特异、敏感和有效的检测方法。     

H7亚型和N9亚型禽流感病毒RT-LAMP可视化检测方法的建立

应用反转录环介导等温扩增技术(RT-LAMP),建立一种H7亚型和N9亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)可视化快速检测方法。根据GenBank中H7亚型和N9亚型AIV HA和NA基因序列,在其保守区域设计筛选出H7亚型和N9亚型AIV的特异性LAMP引物各一套,优化反应条件,建立能检测H7亚型和N9亚型AIV RT-LAMP方法,并进行特异性和敏感性检验。结果显示,该法用实时浊度仪63℃反应1h,能特异性地检测H7亚型和N9亚型AIV,而对其他15个H亚型和8个N亚型的AIV和禽类呼吸道病原体均无扩增,最低能检出10拷贝·μL-1目的基因。所建立的H7亚型和N9亚型RT-LAMP方法特异性强、敏感性高,结果可视化,操作简便、快速,为H7、N9和H7N9亚型AIV的有效防控提供技术支撑,具有较好的应用前景。     

H4亚型禽流感病毒套式RT-PCR检测方法的建立

旨在建立一种快速、准确检测H4亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)的方法,针对H4亚型AIV HA基因保守序列,设计并筛选出2对特异性引物,通过优化反应条件,建立了H4亚型AIV套式RT-PCR检测方法。特异性试验结果显示,该法可特异性检测出H4亚型AIV,对其他常见禽病病原体无交叉;敏感性试验结果显示,该法对H4亚型AIV检测下限为360fg/μL;用该法对106份临床样品进行检测,临床样品检测结果与病毒分离结果一致。本研究建立的套式RT-PCR方法为H4亚型AIV的早期诊断及有效防控提供了快速、特异和敏感的检测方法。     

H3N2亚型禽流感病毒三重RT-PCR检测方法的建立

为建立检测禽流感病毒(AIV)且同时区分H3N2亚型AIV的方法,本研究根据H3、N2亚型AIV HA、NA基因及AIV最保守M基因的保守区域,设计并筛选出3对特异性引物,通过优化反应条件,建立了AIV H3N2亚型和M基因三重RT-PCR的检测方法。对该法进行特异性及敏感性检测,并通过该三重RT-PCR方法对96份临床样品进行检测。结果显示,H3N2亚型AIV可扩增出3条特异性条带,其中518bp为AIV M基因、418bp为N2亚型AIV NA基因、271bp为H3亚型AIV HA基因;H3亚型和N2亚型AIV均可扩增出2条特异性条带,大小分别为518bp、271bp和518bp、418bp;其他亚型AIV可扩增出一条特异性条带,大小为518bp;常见禽病病原体均未扩增出任何条带。敏感性试验表明该法对H3N2亚型AIV的检测下限为100pg,96份临床样品检测结果与病毒分离鉴定结果一致。本研究所建立的AIV H3N2亚型和M基因三重RT-PCR为一种简便、快速、有效的检测方法。     

H4、N2和所有亚型禽流感三重RT-PCR检测方法的建立

为建立一种同时检测H4、N2和所有亚型禽流感的方法,分别针对H4亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)HA基因、N2亚型AIV NA基因和所有亚型AIV M基因保守序列,设计筛选出3对特异性引物,优化引物之间的浓度,对三重反应体系进行特异性和敏感性验证,建立了H4、N2和所有亚型AIV三重RT-PCR检测方法,并用该法对临床样品进行检测。建立的方法能特异性扩增H4、N2和所有亚型AIV,与其他禽病病原体不发生交叉反应;对H4、N2和所有亚型AIV至少能检测到6 pg/μL。在185份临床样品的检测中,检出4份H4、10份N2和19份AIV阳性。所建立的三重RT-PCR方法特异性强、灵敏度高,为快速检测H4、N2和所有亚型AIV提供了有效的方法。     

H6N1亚型禽流感病毒二重RT-PCR检测方法的建立

根据GenBank中H6、N1亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)HA、NA基因,分别设计并筛选出2对特异性引物,用于H6亚型AIV和N1亚型AIV的检测,优化反应条件,建立了H6N1亚型AIV的二重RT-PCR检测方法。对该法进行特异性、敏感性检验,并用该法对临床样品进行检测。所建立的方法对H6N1亚型AIV可特异性扩增出447 bp(H6亚型)和325 bp(N1亚型)目的条带,对H6Ny亚型AIV仅扩增出447 bp目的条带,对HXN1亚型AIV仅扩增出325 bp目的条带,对常见禽病病原体均未扩增出任何条带;该法对H6N1亚型AIV检测下限为5×102拷贝/μL;341份临床样品检测结果与病毒分离鉴定一致。本研究所建立的H6N1亚型AIV RT-PCR特异性强、灵敏度高,一管可同时检测H6和N1亚型AIV,为H6N1亚型AIV的检测提供一种简便、快速和有效的检测方法。     

H9和H6亚型禽流感病毒二重RT-PCR检测方法的建立

试验旨在建立可同时鉴别检测H9和H6亚型禽流感病毒（avian influenza virus,AIV）的二重RT-PCR方法。根据GenBank中H9和H6亚型AIV的HA基因保守序列,分别设计2对特异性引物,优化引物浓度与退火温度等条件,建立了可同时鉴别检测H9和H6亚型AIV的二重RT-PCR检测方法。用该法对H9和H6亚型AIV混合感染样品、H9亚型AIV单一感染样品和H6亚型AIV单一感染样品进行扩增,结果均得到对应的目的条带,而对其余亚型AIV及其他禽病病原体均未扩增出特异性条带。该法对H9和H6亚型AIV的检测下限均为5×10⁴拷贝/μL。本研究建立的二重RT-PCR检测方法特异性强、敏感性高、稳定性和重复性良好,可同时鉴别检测H9与H6两种亚型AIV,为H9与H6亚型AIV的监测提供技术支撑。     

禽流感病毒 H3N2亚型三重 RT-PCR 检测方法的建立

为建立检测禽流感病毒（AIV ）且同时区分 H3N2亚型AIV 的方法,本研究根据 H3、N2亚型AIV HA、NA基因及AIV最保守M 基因的保守区域,设计并筛选出3对特异性引物,通过优化反应条件,建立了AIV H3N2亚型和M 基因三重RT‐PCR的检测方法。对该法进行特异性及敏感性检测,并通过该三重RT‐PCR方法对96份临床样品进行检测。结果显示,H3N2亚型AIV可扩增出3条特异性条带,其中518 bp为AIV M 基因、418 bp为N2亚型AIV NA基因、271 bp为H3亚型AIV HA基因;H3亚型和N2亚型AIV均可扩增出2条特异性条带,大小分别为518 bp、271 bp和518 bp、418 bp;其他亚型AIV可扩增出一条特异性条带,大小为518 bp;常见禽病病原体均未扩增出任何条带。敏感性试验表明该法对 H3N2亚型AIV的检测下限为100 pg ;96份临床样品检测结果与病毒分离鉴定结果一致。本研究所建立的AIV H3N2亚型和M 基因三重RT‐PCR为一种简便、快速、有效的检测方法。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.