镉对体外培养大鼠大脑皮质神经元钙稳态的影响

选用原代培养大鼠大脑皮质神经元为模型,用神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)抗体经免疫组织化学染色技术鉴定神经元.用不同浓度(0、5、10、20 μmol/L)醋酸镉染毒大鼠大脑皮质神经元12h,利用流式细胞仪检测细胞内[Ca2-]i,ATPase酶试剂盒测定Na-K+ ATPase和Ca2-Mg2--ATPase活性的变化,荧光定量PCR法测定钙调蛋白(CaM) mRNA转录水平.结果表明,免疫组化染色证实培养细胞呈现NSE阳性染色,证明是神经元.与对照组相比,各镉染毒组细胞内[Ca2+]i显著或极显著升高(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),Na--K--ATPase和Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase活性显著或极显著降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),20 μmol/L组CaM mRNA转录水平极显著降低(P＜0.01).说明镉可能通过影响CaM的转录水平与维持钙稳态相关的酶(Na+-K-ATPase和Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase)活性,干扰神经元细胞内钙稳态,进而造成神经元细胞损伤.     

纳洛酮对大鼠大脑皮质c-fos mRNA表达的影响

为研究纳洛酮对小型猪特异性麻醉剂(XFM)麻醉下大鼠大脑皮质c-fos mRNA表达的影响,探讨纳洛酮催醒XFM麻醉大鼠与大脑皮质c-fos基因的关系.将78只SD纯种大鼠随机分为空白对照组、XFM对照组、XFM+纳洛酮组、XFM+生理盐水组,采用实对定量PCR技术检测大脑皮质内c-fos mRNA表达量.结果表明,腹腔注射XFM后引起大鼠大脑皮质c-fos mRNA高效表达,各时期c-fos mRNA表达与空白对照组比较差异极显著(P＜0.01);纳洛酮注射后引起XFM麻醉大鼠大脑皮质c-fos mRNA表达量减少,与XFM对照组比较差异显著(P＜0.01或P＜0.05).结果提示,大脑皮质c-fos基因参与了纳洛酮颉颃XFM的麻醉作用,纳洛酮抑制XFM诱导大鼠大脑皮质c-fos基因表达,可能是纳洛酮催醒XFM麻醉大鼠的重要机理之一.     

阿替美唑对舒泰/噻啦嗪诱导大鼠丘脑和大脑皮质c-fos基因表达的影响

24只SD大鼠被随机分成对照组、麻醉组和催醒组,对照组注射二甲基亚砜,麻醉组注射舒泰(13.81mg/kg)和噻啦嗪(5.21mg/kg),催醒组在给予麻醉剂10min后注射阿替美唑(0.522mg/kg),试验组大鼠分别于给药1h(即麻醉期)即刻,断头处死,冰面上分离丘脑和大脑皮质,利用免疫印记技术测定Fos蛋白表达量。结果显示,舒泰联合噻啦嗪注射后引起麻醉期大鼠丘脑和大脑皮质脑区Fos蛋白表达量显著高于对照组(P<0.01),阿替美唑注射后显著地抑制了舒泰联合噻啦嗪诱导大鼠丘脑和大脑皮质脑区Fos蛋白表达(P<0.01)。结果表明,阿替美唑可抑制舒泰联合噻啦嗪麻醉引起大鼠中枢脑区Fos蛋白的表达,对神经损伤起到一定的保护作用。     

纳洛酮对小型猪特异性麻醉剂麻醉大鼠大脑皮质C-jun mRNA表达的影响

研究纳洛酮对小型猪特异性麻醉剂(XFM)麻醉下大鼠大脑皮质C-jun mRNA表达的影响,探讨纳洛酮催醒XFM麻醉大鼠与大脑皮质C-jun基因的关系。将78只SD纯种大鼠随机分为空白对照组、XFM对照组、XFM+纳洛酮组、XFM+生理盐水组,采用实时定量PCR技术检测大脑皮质内C-jun mRNA表达量。结果表明,腹腔注射XFM后引起大鼠大脑皮质C-jun mR-NA高效表达,各时期C-jun mRNA表达与空白对照组比较差异极显著(P<0.01);纳洛酮注射后引起XFM麻醉大鼠大脑皮质C-jun mRNA表达量减少,与XFM对照组比较差异极显著(P<0.01);结果提示,大脑皮质C-jun基因参与了纳洛酮颉颃XFM麻醉作用,纳洛酮抑制XFM诱导大鼠大脑皮质C-jun基因表达,可能是纳洛酮催醒XFM麻醉大鼠的重要机理之一。     

Fas对镉暴露致大鼠大脑皮质自噬体形成的影响

为探究死亡受体Fas在镉暴露致大鼠大脑皮质自噬体形成中的作用,将24只21日龄雄性SD大鼠随机分为4组,分别为对照组、镉组、镉与对照病毒共处理组、镉与Fas基因沉默病毒共处理组。试验期间,对照组大鼠自由饮用纯净水,病毒处理组大鼠于第1天以每只1.4×10¹¹vg的剂量通过尾静脉注射相应病毒,4周后镉染毒组大鼠自由饮用镉水(50 mg·L^-1),持续90 d。试验结束后,透射电镜观察大脑皮质中自噬体数量,Western blot检测大脑皮质细胞外信号调节激酶1/2(Erk1/2)、p-Erk1/2、自噬相关蛋白7(ATG7)、自噬相关基因(Beclin-1)、微管相关蛋白1轻链3(LC3)蛋白表达水平,免疫荧光染色检测LC3表达水平。结果显示,镉暴露增加大脑皮质中自噬体数量,极显著激活Erk1/2并上调ATG7、Beclin-1、LC3蛋白表达水平(P<0.01);Fas基因沉默抑制镉引起的自噬体数量增加,极显著抑制镉致Erk1/2激活及ATG7、Beclin-1、LC3蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.01)。结果表明,Fas通过激活Erk1/2参与镉致大鼠大脑皮质自噬体形成。     

阿替美唑对小型猪特异性麻醉剂诱导大鼠大脑皮质内Fos蛋白表达的影响

研究阿替美唑对小型猪特异性麻醉剂(XFM)麻醉下大鼠大脑皮质Fos蛋白表达的影响,探讨阿替美唑颉颃XFM催醒大鼠与大脑皮质c-fos基因的关系。将72只SD纯种大鼠随机分为XFM对照组、XFM+阿替美唑组、XFM+生理盐水组,每组又按采脑时间点分成4个亚组。采用蛋白质印迹法检测大脑皮质内Fos蛋白表达量。结果表明:XFM麻醉大鼠大脑皮质内Fos蛋白表达量逐渐增加,与给药后10min比较差异显著(P<0.01或P<0.05);XFM麻醉大鼠腹腔注射生理盐水,各时间点Fos蛋白表达量与对照组间比较无显著差异(P>0.05);阿替美唑注射后引起XFM麻醉大鼠大脑皮质Fos蛋白表达量减少,与XFM对照组比较差异显著(P<0.01或P<0.05)。结果提示,大脑皮质c-fos基因参与了阿替美唑颉颃XFM麻醉作用。阿替美唑抑制XFM诱导大鼠大脑皮质Fos蛋白表达,可能是阿替美唑催醒XFM麻醉大鼠的重要机理之一。     

黄连解毒汤对感染大肠埃希菌大鼠脑组织TLR9表达的影响

为探讨Toll样受体9(TLR9)及相关炎症因子在脑损伤中的调节机制,采用免疫组织化学SP法对正常大鼠、感染大肠埃希菌大鼠和黄连解毒汤预防大鼠脑组织中的TLR9表达及相关因子的动态变化进行了研究.66只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组(n=6,腹腔注射生理盐水0.5 mL·只-1)、试验组[n=30,腹腔注射大肠埃希菌菌液0.5 mL·只-1(2.4×109CFU· mL-1)]、黄连解毒汤预防组[n=30,每只按12.6 mL·kg-1剂量提前6d灌服黄连解毒汤,处理当天再分别腹腔注射大肠埃希菌菌液0.5 mL·只-1(2.4×109 CFU· mL-1)].除对照组外,试验组和预防组又分6个小组,每小组5只大鼠.分别于处理后的3、6、9、12、18、24 h随机处死1小组试验组和预防组大鼠及1只对照组大鼠,免疫组化观察脑组织TLR9及相关因子的表达).结果发现,TLR9在大鼠正常生理状态下有少量表达,感染大肠埃希菌后,TLR9的表达出现明显变化,且这种变化随着时间的推移而越发明显.在感染后3h时TLR9表达量较正常生理状态下显著增加(P＜0.05),在6h时开始显著增加,12h时达到高峰,与对照组和试验组相比,均有极显著差异(P＜0.01).预防组与对照组比较无统计学意义(P＞0.05).该研究结果显示黄连解毒汤可通过抑制TLR9的表达对细菌所致的脑损伤产生保护作用.     

血清剥夺对原代培养大鼠脂肪细胞脂代谢相关基因转录表达的影响

利用血清剥夺／血清培养实验模型，采用油红O染色提取法、甘油试剂盒和RT-PCR，诱导和测定了大鼠附睾脂肪垫分离和培养的脂肪细胞生脂和脂解及其相关酶和转录因子mRNA水平的变化，探讨脂肪细胞脂代谢通路中关键酶和转录因子基因转录表达的规律。结果显示，依血清剥夺时间延长，脂肪细胞激素敏感脂酶（HSL）mRNA表达水平显著提高（P〈0．05），恢复血清培养后，表达水平显著降低（P〈0．05），与脂解活性的变化一致；脂肪生成及生脂相关基因脂肪酸合酶（FAS）、乙酰辅酶A羧化酶（ACC1）和碳水化合物反应元件结合蛋白（ChREBP）mRNA表达水平依血清剥夺持续时间明显下降（P〈0．05），恢复血清培养，随培养时间延长显著提高（P〈0．05）；血清剥夺显著降低固醇调控元件结合蛋白（SREBP）-1cmRNA水平，但血清剥夺72h与36h无明显差异（P〉0．05）；血清剥夺72h后恢复血清培养36h和72h，SREBP-1cmRNA的表达水平没有显著性变化（P〉0．05）。结果表明，生脂及FAS和ACC1表达与ChREBP mRNA水平一致，但与SREBP-1c不一致，提示ChREBP与成熟脂肪细胞生脂基因转录激活可能有更密切的关系，但尚待在蛋白水平进一步证实。     

阿替美唑对小型猪特异性麻醉剂诱导大鼠大脑皮质c-jun蛋白表达的影响

研究阿替美唑对小型猪特异性麻醉剂(XFM)麻醉下大鼠大脑皮质c-jun蛋白表达的影响,探讨阿替美唑颉颃XFM催醒大鼠与脑皮质c-jun基因的关系.将78只SD纯种大鼠随机分为XFM对照组、XFM+阿替美唑组、XFM+生理盐水组.采用蛋白质印迹法检测大脑皮质内c-jun蛋白表达量.结果表明,XFM麻醉大鼠大脑皮质内c-jun蛋白表达量逐渐增加,与给药前0 min比较差异显著(P＜0.01或P＜0.05);XFM麻醉大鼠腹腔注射生理盐水,各时间点c-jun蛋白表达与对照组间比较无显著差异(P＞0.05);阿替美唑注射后引起XFM麻醉大鼠大脑皮质c-jun蛋白表达减少,与XFM对照组比较差异显著(P＜0.01或P＜0.05).结果提示,大脑皮质c-jun基因参与了阿替美唑颉颃XFM麻醉作用.阿替关唑抑制XFM诱导大鼠大脑皮质c-jun蛋白表达,可能是阿替美唑催醒XFM麻醉大鼠的重要机理之一.     

小型猪复合麻醉剂对大鼠中枢神经系统p-p38MAPK蛋白表达的影响

为研究小型猪复合麻醉剂(XFM)对大鼠中枢神经系统p-p38蛋白表达的影响,将30只大鼠分为对照组(C组)和麻醉剂组(M组),M组又分为4个亚组:M1组(注射XFM后大鼠翻正反射消失即刻)、M2组(注射XFM后大鼠翻正反射消失后1h)、M3组(注射XFM后大鼠翻正反射恢复即刻)和M4组(注射XFM后大鼠翻正反射恢复后1h),各组大鼠到达预定的时间点后分别采取脑组织,应用RT-PCR法检测脑内p38 mRNA转录量,应用Western blot方法检测中枢神经系统中p-p38蛋白的表达量。大鼠注射XFM后,与对照组比较,试验组大鼠大脑皮层和丘脑p38mRNA转录量显著降低(P0.05),在苏醒过程中有所恢复,但仍显著低于对照组(P0.05);大脑皮层和丘脑内p-p38蛋白的相对表达量,在M1、M2组的时间点显著低于对照组(P0.05或P0.01);大鼠注射XFM后,与对照组比较,试验组大鼠小脑、海马、脑干内p38mRNA转录量显著升高(P0.05),在苏醒过程中仍显著高于对照组(P0.05);小脑、海马、脑干内p-p38蛋白的表达量,在M1组、M2组、M3组显著升高,与对照组相比差异显著(P0.05或P0.01),在M4组表达量下降,与对照组相比差异不显著(P0.05)。结果表明,XFM诱导大鼠大脑皮层、丘脑内p38 mRNA及p-p38蛋白表达下调,p38 mRNA及磷酸化蛋白的改变可能是XFM作用的机制之一。     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1987

In late November 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 (0.35%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1986

In late December 1986, 1224 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1986; 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 150,989 dogs were blood-tested for microfilariae and 869 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 65 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease and one was found with heartworm at necropsy to give the total number diagnosed in 1986 as 935 (0.62%).

Heartworm was reported from Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec, but most (810) of the cases were from Ontario. South-western Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. There were 103 cases reported from Quebec, mostly from and around Montreal, and 21 cases from Manitoba, from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 33% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 81% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.