中国猪源HSN1和H9N2亚型流感病毒的分离鉴定

猪是禽流感病毒"禽-猪-人"传播链中重要的中间宿主,了解猪流感的疫情动态将为动物流感及人流感的疾病预测及防制提供重要依据.1999～2001年间进行的血清学和病毒学监测发现我国猪群存在大范围的H1和H3亚型猪流感感染(李海燕等,2002).2002～2003年,我们进一步对来自全国14个省市的1936份血清进行了H9亚型猪流感的检测,同时在广东、福建等省进行了H5亚型猪流感的检测.2002年辽宁、广东、山东及重庆猪血清中出现H9亚型流感抗体,阳性率分别为7.3%、6.8%、5.1%和1.6%.2003年采集的猪血清H9亚型流感抗体均为阴性,同时发现广东、福建两省2003年出现H5亚型流感阳性猪群,阳性率分别为4.7%和8.2%.从2001～2003年收集和送检的样品中分离鉴定了6株H9N2亚型和2株H5N1亚型猪流感病毒,部分序列分析发现H9和H5亚型猪流感病毒均与我国分离的禽流感病毒高度同源.本研究进一步确证了我国猪群中存在H9N2亚型流感病毒,并且首次发现我国猪群已出现H5N1亚型流感病毒,为人类流感及动物流感的防制敲响了警钟.对这两个亚型流感病毒所具有的公共卫生和兽医公共卫生危害性应予以高度重视.     

猪流感疫苗的研究进展和应用前景

猪流感是由正粘病毒科、流感病毒属的A型流感病毒引起的一种急性、热性、高度接触性的猪呼吸道疾病,以H3N2.H1N1和H1N2 3种血清亚型最为常见.其病原还具有重要的公共卫生意义.目前临床上防控本病的主要手段是接种疫苗.本文对猪流感全病毒灭活疫苗和各种亚单位疫苗的研究进展进行了简要阐述,旨在为研制新型猪流感疫苗提供参考.     

猪流感疫苗的研究进展和应用前景

猪流感是由正粘病毒科、流感病毒属的A型流感病毒引起的一种急性、热性、高度接触性的猪呼吸道疾病,以H3N2、H1N1和H1N2 3种血清亚型最为常见。其病原还具有重要的公共卫生意义。目前临床上防控本病的主要手段是接种疫苗。本文对猪流感全病毒灭活疫苗和各种亚单位疫苗的研究进展进行了简要阐述,旨在为研制新型猪流感疫苗提供参考。     

猪流感病毒的流行及公共卫生意义

猪流感是目前危害全世界养猪业的重要呼吸道疾病之一,目前猪流感病毒的主要流行毒株有3种亚型:H1N1、H1N2、H3N2.本文对这3种亚型病毒所引起猪流感的流行情况,及其在公共卫生方面的意义作一综述.     

2016年我国部分地区屠宰场猪流感血清学调查

目前,全球范围内流行的猪流感病毒亚型主要有3种:H1N1、H3N2、H1N2,此外,H1N7、H4N6、H9N2、H5N1、H3N3、H3N1和H2N3等亚型病毒也在猪体内分离到,但没有证据显示这些病毒在猪体内建立稳定的谱系。为了解我国屠宰场猪群中流感病毒的感染与流行情况,选取2009年甲型H1N1(pdm/09)、欧洲类禽H1N1(EA H1)、经典H1N1(经典H1)、新型三源重排H1N1(ReH1)、H3N2(H3)、H9N2(H9)流感病毒制备的血凝抑制(HI)标准抗原作为检测抗原,对全国25个屠宰场的猪血清进行了HI抗体的检测。结果显示,2016年我国屠宰场样品中,pdm/09、EA H1、经典H1、Re H1、H3、H9抗体阳性率分别为23.18%、28.12%、19.34%、24.97%、7%、7.41%;在所监测地区中,华南地区屠宰场猪流感血清平均抗体阳性率最高。结果表明,2016年我国屠宰场猪群中H1N1亚型猪流感病毒感染比较普遍,H3N2和H9N2亚型猪流感病毒抗体阳性率较低。     

具有地方性呼吸系统病史的50个猪群中3～6周龄出现咳嗽症状仔猪中猪肺炎支原体病的发生

到目前为止,意大利已经分离到了H1N1、H1N2和H3N2 3个亚型猪流感病毒。2006年,在一例有咳嗽症状的猪上分离到了一种新的猪流感病毒亚型(H3N1)。通过对肺组织的RT-PCR检测,对试验猪人工感染该新亚型流感病毒及利用空斑试验对该毒株的克隆鉴定,证实了这一独特的H和N组合的猪流感病毒的存在。同时,对该新型毒株进行了抗原及遗传特性鉴定。基因系统发育分析结果表明,H3N1亚型的完整HA基因序列与3株意大利H3N2亚型具有高度的一致性。这3个意大利亚型中有一株分离于2001年,其它2株分离于2004年,而该毒株的NA序列全长与2004年于意大利分离得到的3株H1N1亚型猪流感病毒极其相似。其余的基因片段也分别与当前意大利流行的H1N1与H3N2猪流感病毒极为相似。这表明,该新亚型猪流感病毒可能是H1N1与H3N2亚型的一个重组体。     

猪流感疫苗的研究进展

猪流感（swine influenza,SI）是由流感病毒引起的一种严重呼吸道疾病,临床以突发、高热、咳嗽、呼吸困难、衰竭、高发病率、低死亡率为特征。迄今已发现的A型猪流感病毒（swine influenza virus,SIV）有H1N1、H1N2、H1N7、H3N1、H3N2、 H3N3、H3N6、H4N6、H5N1和H9N2等10种不同血清亚型。自被发现以来,猪流感已成为严重危害猪群的疾病之一,已遍及亚洲、欧洲、非洲、南美洲、北美洲等,可谓全球流行。目前,世界范围内流行的猪流感血清型主要有人源H3N2、经典猪H1N1和类禽源H1N13种。     

猪流行性感冒及其防治

1病原 分为甲（A）、乙（B）、丙（C）型。猪流感病毒属于正粘病毒科,甲性流感病毒。猪流感病毒已发现至少有5个亚型,即H1N1、H3N2、H1N2、H3N1和H1N7,各亚型之间有不同程度的血清学交叉反应。只有H1N1和H3N2能引起猪广泛发病。     

我国部分省份猪群中流感病毒血清学抗体的调查

为了解近年来我国猪群中流感病毒的感染与流行情况,本研究分别对2013年11~12月期间采集于福建等9个重点养猪省份的2 198份以及2014年3~4月期间采自于广东和湖南两省的3 654份猪血清样品进行了血凝抑制(HI)抗体的检测。选取欧亚类禽型猪H1N1(EA H1N1)、2009甲型H1N1(2009/H1N1)、H3N2亚型猪流感病毒(SIV)、H5N1禽流感病毒(AIV)、H9N2 AIV及H7N9流感病毒制备的HI标准抗原作为检测抗原。结果显示,2013年我国猪群中EA H1N1、2009/H1N1、H3N2 SIV、H5N1 AIV、H9N2 AIV及H7N9流感病毒平均抗体阳性率分别为49.73%、11.87%、1.71%、0、0、1.36%;2014年分别为48.52%、12.10%、1.04%、0、0、2.05%。检测结果表明2013年~2014年间我国猪群中H1N1亚型SIV感染比较普遍,H3N2、H9N2流感病毒抗体阳性率较低,未检测到H5N1、H7N9流感病毒抗体。     

猪流感病毒的分离鉴定及特性测定

猪流感(SI)是由猪流感病毒(SIV)引起的猪的一种呼吸道传染病,目前我国主要流行H 1和H 3亚型[2],H 9N 2等亚型也见报道[3]。该病是一种免疫抑制病[1],感染后会抑制其他疫苗的免疫效果,易导致其他病原体混合感染,给养殖业造成巨大的经济损失。由于流感病毒基因组易发生变异,猪又是产生重组病毒的“混合器”,如20世纪90年代在意大利猪体内就发现了禽与人流感病毒重组体[4],如果产生一种可以在人群中传播的新型流感病毒,将造成极大危害,故及时掌握猪流感流行情况及进行有效的防制,具有重要的兽医流行病学和公共卫生学意义。本试验旨在对河北…     

Genetic diversity of H9N2 influenza viruses from pigs in China: a potential threat to human health?

Pandemic strains of influenza A virus might arise by genetic reassortment between viruses from different hosts. Pigs are susceptible to both human and avian influenza viruses and have been proposed to be intermediate hosts or mixing vessels, for the generation of pandemic influenza viruses through reassortment or adaptation to the mammalian host. In this study, we summarize and report for the first time the coexistence of 10 (A-J) genotypes in pigs in China by analyzing the eight genes of 28 swine H9N2 viruses isolated in China from 1998 to 2007. Swine H9N2 viruses in genotype A and B were completely derived from Y280-like and Shanghai/F/98-like viruses, respectively, which indicated avian-to-pig interspecies transmission of H9N2 viruses did exist in China. The other eight genotype (C-J) viruses might be double-reassortant viruses, in which six genotype (E-J) viruses possessed 1-4 H5-like gene segments indicating they were reassortants of H9 and H5 viruses. In conclusion, genetic diversity of H9N2 influenza viruses from pigs in China provides further evidence that avian to pig interspecies transmission of H9N2 viruses did occur and might result in the generation of new reassortant viruses by genetic reassortment with swine H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 influenza viruses, therefore, these swine H9N2 influenza viruses might be a potential threat to human health and continuing to carry out swine influenza virus surveillance in China is of great significance.     

Serologic surveillance of swine H1 and H3 and avian H5 and H9 influenza A virus infections in swine population in Korea

Influenza A is a respiratory disease common in the swine industry. Three subtypes, H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 influenza A viruses, are currently co-circulating in swine populations in Korea. An outbreak of the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus occurred in domestic bird farms in Korea during the winter season of 2003. Pigs can serve as hosts for avian influenza viruses, enabling passage of the virus to other mammals and recombination of mammalian and avian influenza viruses, which are more readily transmissible to humans. This study reports the current seroprevalence of swine H1 and H3 influenza in swine populations in Korea by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. We also investigated whether avian H5 and H9 influenza transmission occurred in pigs from Korea using both the HI and neutralization (NT) tests. 51.2% (380/742) of serum samples tested were positive against the swine H1 virus and 43.7% (324/742) were positive against the swine H3 virus by HI assay. The incidence of seropositivity against both the swine H1 virus and the swine H3 virus was 25.3% (188/742). On the other hand, none of the samples tested showed seropositivity against either the avian H5 virus or the avian H9 virus by the HI and NT tests. Therefore, we report the high current seroprevalence and co-infectivity of swine H1 and H3 influenza viruses in swine populations and the lack of seroepidemiological evidence of avian H5 and H9 influenza transmission to Korean pigs.     

浅谈猪流感的综合防制

猪流感是由猪流感病毒引起的急性呼吸道传染病。近期爆发的甲型H1N1流感病毒中8段基因有5个片段是猪的,3个片段是禽的,只有一个PB1是类似人类的H3N2病毒的基因,但即使是H3N2中的PB1过去美国也有过研究认为是禽类的。严格说来,甲流感大部分基因片段是猪身上来的。由于此病毒变异频繁,导致其具备感染人的能力,这对养猪业以及人类公共卫生构成严重威胁。本文主要对猪流感的病原、流行状况以及鉴别诊断进行了综述,并提出相应的防制措施。     

供港猪群流感病毒的分离鉴定及流行病学调查

为了对供港猪群中的猪流感流行情况进行分析,从华南地区供港猪群中用无菌棉拭子采集鼻腔粘液样品,采用鸡胚接种方法,从供港猪群中分离出了2株不同亚型的猪流感病毒株,经国家流感中心鉴定分别为H1N1和H3N2亚型。本研究设计了猪流感常见亚型的HA和NA分型特异性引物,建立了猪流感型特异性RT-PCR检测方法;对分离鉴定的2株猪流感病毒和禽流感H5N1 HI检测抗原进行了RT-PCR检测,并对其部分HA和NA基因进行克隆测序分析。对供港猪群的血清检测结果表明:供港猪群中H1N1和H3N2亚型抗体阳性率分别为26.87%、38.26%,禽流感H5N1和H9N2亚型抗体阳性率均为0%。     

一株欧洲类禽H1N1猪流感病毒的分离鉴定与反向遗传系统的建立

猪流感是猪常见的呼吸道传染病,临床以高热、呼吸困难、咳嗽和衰竭、迅速康复或死亡为特征。猪流感不仅给养猪业造成巨大损失,也严重威胁着人类健康。本研究从发病猪场中分离到1株H1N1亚型猪流感病毒,序列分析结果显示,分离毒株属于欧洲类禽猪流感H1N1亚型病毒。将分离毒株分别接种到MDCK与ST细胞,观察病毒的生长特性,结果显示分离的猪流感病毒在ST细胞中复制能力较强。采用RT-PCR技术分别扩增8个基因片段,克隆到流感病毒反向遗传系统,成功拯救出猪流感病毒毒株,测序结果显示拯救的猪流感病毒与亲本毒序列一致。本研究成功分离的猪流感病毒,以及建立的反向遗传技术为研究欧洲类禽猪流感病毒跨种传播的机制以及研发新型猪流感疫苗株奠定了基础。     

4株不同亚型流感病毒NP基因的原核表达

为了进一步研究A型流感病毒核蛋白功能及在诊断中的应用,采用RT-PCR技术分别扩增H1N1、H3N2、H5N1、H9N2等4株不同亚型流感病毒的NP基因,分别将其克隆到原核表达载体pET30(a)上,在大肠埃希菌中进行诱导表达.SDS-PAGE和Western blot检测结果表明,H1N1亚型流感病毒NP蛋白得到表达,并且能分别与H1N1和H5N1亚型流感病毒的鼠高免血清发生特异性反应,具有良好的反应活性;而H3N2、H5N1、H9N2亚型流感病毒的重组NP蛋白未获得表述.本研究结果表明,不同毒株的NP蛋白在大肠埃希菌中的表达具有一定差异性,为把NP蛋白作为诊断抗原的开发、ELISA诊断方法的建立以及蛋白功能的研究奠定了基础.     

Serological and virological surveillance of swine H1N1 and H3N2 influenza virus infection in two farms located in Hubei province, central China

Swine influenza viruses H1N1 and H3N2 have been reported in the swine population worldwide. From June 2008 to June 2009, we carried out serological and virological surveillance of swine influenza in the Hubei province in central China. The serological results indicated that antibodies to H1N1 swine influenza virus in the swine population were high with a 42.5% (204/480) positive rate, whereas antibodies to H3N2 swine influenza virus were low with a 7.9% (38/480) positive rate. Virological surveillance showed that only one sample from weanling pigs was positive by RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes revealed that the A/Sw/HB/S1/2009 isolate was closely related to avian-like H1N1 viruses and seemed to be derived from the European swine H1N1 viruses. In conclusion, H1N1 influenza viruses were more dominant in the pig population than H3N2 influenza viruses in central China, and infection with avian-like H1N1 viruses persistently emerged in the swine population in the area.     

H1N1亚型猪流感病毒单克隆抗体IPMA检测方法的建立

本试验旨在建立一种针对检测抗H1N1亚型猪流感病毒单克隆抗体的免疫过氧化物酶单层细胞试验（immunoperoxidase monolayer assay,IPMA）筛选方法。通过优化MDCK细胞接毒量、细胞接毒后培养时间、封闭液的种类和工作浓度、工作时间等各个反应条件,并对建立的IPMA筛选方法的特异性、敏感性和重复性进行评价。结果显示,建立的IPMA检测方法的最优反应条件为MDCK细胞接毒10^2.63 TCID₅₀/100 μL H1N1亚型猪流感病毒,37℃培养24 h,含3‰ H₂O₂的甲醇室温固定15 min,5%脱脂乳37℃封闭2 h,50 μL杂交瘤细胞上清作为一抗,37℃孵育2 h,羊抗鼠HRP-IgG二抗37℃孵育1 h。所建立的IPMA方法能特异性地检测H1N1亚型猪流感病毒单克隆抗体,与猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV）、猪圆环病毒2型（PCV2）和猪瘟病毒（CSFV）阳性血清不发生交叉反应;其敏感性检测结果显示,可检测1：3 200的HI=2^-9标准H1N1猪阳性血清;批间和批内重复性试验结果较好。综上所述,本试验成功建立了抗H1N1亚型猪流感病毒单克隆抗体的IPMA检测方法,该方法特异性强、敏感性高、重复性好,为生产鉴定H1N1亚型猪流感病毒单克隆抗体提供了一种简便、实用、有效的检测手段。     

猪流感病毒H1N1、H1N2和H3N2亚型多重RT-PCR诊断方法的建立

对我国分离到的猪流感病毒和GenBank数据库中已有的猪流感病毒H1N1、H1N2和H3N2亚型毒株的HA、NA基因核苷酸序列进行分析,分别选出各个病毒亚型HA和NA基因中高度保守且特异的核苷酸区域,设计扩增猪流感病毒H1和H3、N1和N2亚型的2套多重PCR特异性引物,建立了猪流感H1N1、H1N2和H3N2亚型病毒多重RT-PCR诊断方法。采用该方法对H1N1、H1N2、H3N2亚型猪流感病毒标准参考株进行RT-PCR检测,结果均呈阳性,对扩增得到的片段进行序列测定和BLAST比较,表明为目的基因片段。其它几种常见猪病病毒和其它亚型猪流感病毒的RT-PCR扩增结果都呈阴性。对107EID50/0.1mL病毒进行稀释,提取RNA进行敏感性试验,RT-PCR最少可检测到102EID50的病毒量核酸。对40份阳性临床样品的检测结果是H1N1、H1N2和H3N2亚型分别为16份、1份和20份,其它3份样品同时含有H1N1和H3N2亚型猪流感病毒,和鸡胚分离病毒结果100%一致。试验证明建立的猪流感病毒H1N1、H1N2和H3N2亚型多重RT-PCR诊断方法是一种特异敏感的诊断方法,可用于临床样品的早期快速诊断和分型。     

Serological Surveillance of Influenza A Virus Infection in Swine Populations in Fujian Province,China: No Evidence of Naturally Occurring H5N1 Infection in Pigs

Several highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses were isolated from swine populations in Fujian Province, China, since 2001. Because it is thought that H5N1 infection in pigs might result in virus adaptation to humans, we surveyed swine populations in Fujian Province in 2004 and 2007 for serological evidence of the infection. Twenty‐five pig farms covering all nine administrative districts of Fujian Province were sampled and a total of 1407 serum specimens were collected. The haemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests revealed no evidence of H5 infection and only a few cases of H9 infection. The negative results for H5 infection were further verified by micro‐neutralization tests. By contrast, H1 influenza virus infections were prevalent in swine in both surveys according to the results of enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The H3 infection rate was reduced dramatically in 2007 compared with 2004, when examined by HI and ELISA. In summary, the results imply that the swine populations in Fujian Province had not been affected greatly by the H5N1 avian influenza virus, given that there is no serological evidence that H5N1 influenza virus has infected the pig populations. The reported isolates represent only sporadic cases.