一公斤鱼子酱5000欧元湖北产出“黑色黄金”

宜都市传来消息，当地成功生产出500公斤人工驯养的鲟鱼鱼子酱，结束了我国无鲟鱼鱼子酱的历史。鲟鱼鱼子酱是西方人最喜爱的食品之一。目前国际市场上每公斤的价格高达5000欧元，被称为“黑色黄金”。传统的鱼子酱主要来源于野生鲟鱼，由于近年来野生鲟鱼资源急剧减少，全球鱼子酱产销量由上世纪70年代的3000吨降至2003年的100吨。为了保护鲟鱼物种，今年1月，联合国有关组织全面禁止了野生鲟鱼子酱的进出口贸易。用人工养殖的鲟鱼生产鱼子酱，成为唯一的选择。     

不同日龄史氏鲟驯化转食试验

史氏鲟隶属于鲟形目、鲟科、鲟属，是黑龙江大型名贵经济鱼类，也是我国鲟鱼及鱼子酱产量最高的种类。史氏鲟的规模化养殖在我国起始于20世纪90年代，因其生长速度快、养殖周期短、食性易改变、适应性强、鱼肉及鱼卵品质高、消费市场广等优点而发展迅速。     

日本鲟鱼养殖技术现状

日本国内并不出产鲟鱼，但每年对鱼子酱的进口量达５０￣６０ｔ，每ｋｇ为１２０００￣５２０００日元，代价巨大，挡不住美味鱼子酱及高额利润的诱惑，日本从１９６４年开始了鲟鱼养殖试验，获剖腹二次采卵成功，养殖初始期的鱼种主要从前苏联引进，养殖的种类有三种，即俄罗斯鲟、高首鲟，及ＢＥＳＴＥＲ。     

广东流水养殖鲟鱼的探讨

鲟鱼类是大型名贵鱼类 ,其肉味鲜美 ,营养丰富 ,尤其是其卵子加工成鱼子酱 ,在国际市场上享有盛名 ,被誉为“黑色珍珠” ,价格昂贵 ,刺激了人们争相养殖的积极性。由于种种因素 ,我国的鲟鱼资源远远满足不了养殖生产的需要 ,继八十年代引入美洲匙吻鲟后 ,近年又相继引入俄罗斯鲟、西伯利亚鲟、小体鲟以及杂交鲟等优良品种 ,养殖区域不断扩大和南移。在广东地区 ,仅见有中华鲟分布。本文探讨广东亚热带地区人工养殖鲟鱼的可能性 ,为今后发展鲟鱼类的养殖 ,丰富广东地区的养殖品种 ,优化养殖结构提供一些依据。1　材料与方法1 1　实验地点分…     

如何正确培育及选择生产鱼子酱的亲鱼

鲟鱼子酱富含人体必需氨基酸和不饱和脂肪酸(EPA、DHA)、无机盐、维生素A、B和D,以及钙、铜、镁和硒等微量元素,素有"黑色黄金"之称,是国际上经久不衰的名贵高档食品。研究探讨鲟鱼子酱亲鱼养殖环境条件以及亲鱼的选择和鱼籽的鉴别,对于提高鱼子酱的品质意义重大。     

应用热休克和冷休克方法诱导俄罗斯鲟雌核发育初试

鲟形目鱼类属于软骨硬鳞鱼,是大型经济鱼类,生长速度快,其肉质鲜美,软骨可提炼硫磺软骨素,尤其是鲟鱼鱼子酱素有＂卵黄金＂之称。由于鲟鱼资源的急剧下降,1996年国际濒危动植物种贸易公约（CITES）将所有鲟鱼鱼子酱的生产和进出口采取许可制和配额制。     

人工养殖鲟鱼的疾病防治

鲟鱼为软骨硬鳞鱼，广泛分布于我国的新疆、黑龙江、黄河、长江、珠江等河流及其相连的湖泊和浅海中，其肉厚骨软，营养丰富，味道鲜美，具有很高的经济价值，有“黑色黄金”之称，尤其是用鲟鱼卵加工成的鱼子酱，更是驰名中外，其肉、卵含蛋白质极高，皮可制成佳肴，可以说鲟鱼的全身都是宝。随着其野生资源的减少，人工增殖及人工养殖相继出现。我国已开展人工养殖和养殖的品种有中华鲟、史氏鲟，还有从国外引进的杂交鲟等、北美短吻鲟、俄罗斯鲟、美国高昂鲟以及杂交鲟等。水产业者普遍看好鲟鱼的养殖前景，通过不同的渠道投入资金，进入…     

西伯利亚鲟产后护理技术

西伯利亚鲟隶属辐鳍亚纲(Actinopterygii)、软骨硬鳞总目(Chondrostei)、鲟形目(Acipenseriformes)、鲟科(Acipenseridae)、鲟属(Acipenser),主要分布于俄罗斯西部的鄂毕河至东部的科雷马河之间的西伯利亚各河流中,是极具经济价值的鱼类,其肉食用价值高、其皮可做成优质皮革,特别是由其卵加工成的鱼子酱在国际上享有"黑色黄金"、"黑珍珠"之称.随着我国成功引进欧洲西伯利亚鲟和孵化育苗设备,在我国取得了优于其它种类的养殖效果,成为近年鲟鱼养殖的重要种类之一.然而随着养殖规模不断扩大,养殖环境也发生了巨大变化,高密度养殖使养殖水体恶化,病害频发,症状多样,病因复杂,病原种类多,已成为制约西伯利亚鲟健康养殖的重要因素之一.     

鲟鱼嗜水气单胞菌败血症的研究

<正>鲟是一种古老的大型珍稀鱼类,不仅有很高的科研价值,而且食用价值好,全身除了骨板不能食用外,其余部分的营养价值都极高,尤其是它的卵可制成有"黑色黄金"之称的鲟鱼子酱,具有非常高的经济价值。目前国内已有多个省市对鲟进行人工养殖,但由于集约化养殖程度过高、滥用药物、水质恶化等     

人工养鲟中的疾病与防治

鲟为软骨硬鳞鱼,肉厚骨软,营养丰富,味道鲜美,具有很高的经济价值,尤其是用鲟鱼卵加工成的鱼子酱,更是驰名中外,有“黑色黄金”之称。其肉、卵含蛋白质极高,皮可制革,骨骼可提取硫酸软骨素(防癌),可谓全身都是宝。随着鲟在池塘、网箱、湖泊和水库中的成功养殖,我国正形成新一轮人工养鲟热潮,疾病防治的研究已成当务之急。     

我国鲟鱼籽酱加工产业化开发

随着我国鲟鱼养殖规模的扩大,加强鲟鱼深加工产品开发,拓展产业链,优化产业结构,成为鲟鱼产业发展的必由之路。鱼籽酱作为鲟鱼加工的主要产品,加快实现其规模化生产将是我国鲟鱼产业升级的重要方向。本文在阐述全球鲟鱼籽酱产业现状的基础上,着重分析了我国鲟鱼籽酱加工研究及其产业化前景,总结了其中存在的主要问题,并提出了相应的对策。     

History,current status and prospects of sturgeon aquaculture in Russia

Since natural sturgeon populations have drastically declined, aquaculture of these valuable fish is important to meet the ever‐increasing demand for meat and caviar, thereby reducing the pressure on natural sturgeon resources. There are two directions in sturgeon aquaculture: controlled propagation for release and commercial farming. The controlled propagation supports the conservation of natural fish populations, while the commercial cultivation of sturgeons supplies the needs of the consumer market with the delicacy production of caviar (mainly). This review deals with the current status of the controlled propagation and stocking in the Volga‐Caspian basin and the commercial farming of sturgeons in Russia. The article also investigates the management of farmed broodstocks of sturgeons, which are used for obtaining seedlings and caviar. It is for sure that the active and continuous development of the two directions of sturgeon aquaculture will allow preserving these unique ancient fish on our planet until natural populations can be re‐established by self‐sustaining populations.     

A review of sex determination and searches for sex‐specific markers in sturgeon

The availability of monosex populations of caviar‐producing female sturgeon would considerably enhance the economic viability of domestic caviar production systems. However, it is not possible to distinguish males from females by morphological characters at larval, juvenile and even adult stages. The mechanism of sex determination in sturgeons is poorly understood, and to date no sex‐specific markers in sturgeon have been reported. This review concentrates on the methodologies used to elucidate the mode of sex determination in sturgeon species and provides information on the molecular tools used to determine genetic sex markers.     

Using machine learning algorithms to analyse the scute structure and sex identification of sterlet Acipenser ruthenus (Acipenseridae)

Sturgeons are valued as specialty black caviar, which is very expensive. Only females are used in the technology of caviar aquaculture. Universal method of sex determination has not yet been developed. Most of known methods are not sufficiently accurate, or used at a relatively late age, or difficult to use. Perfect early determination of sex is considered to be impossible. Because of the dark colour of most sturgeons and important morphological differences, which fish of almost all ages have, were overlooked. We first found that the scute structure of sterlet sturgeon depends on the sex. The found dependencies with the help of machine learning algorithms open a possibility for creation of sex determination equipment using the artificial intelligence. Our results open a perspective for creation of sex determination methods for other 23 sturgeon species, which can increase the efficiency of caviar aquaculture and restoration of sturgeons in natural waters.     

施氏鲟精巢和卵巢差减cDNA文库的构建和差异表达EST的筛选

应用抑制差减杂交（SSH）技术构建了施氏鲟（Acipenser schrenckii）精巢和卵巢组织的SMART cDNA文库及其cDNA差减文库，从两个差减文库中随机挑取200个克隆进行PCR检测，随机挑选其中的123个cDNA克隆测序。将所测序列经GenBank检索和生物信息学比较，发现有55个cDNA片段序列在GenBank上无明显的同源性，68个片段与已报道的基因有较高的同源性，其中17个cDNA片断为精巢中特异表达的基因，而51个为卵巢中特异表达的基因。精巢中大量表达的主要为延长因子（EF-1）和脂肪酸连接蛋白等与精子生成发育有关的基因，而卵巢主要为ZPC、组蛋白和周期蛋白等与卵细胞发育成熟相关的基因。这些EST数据为进一步筛选和克隆鲟鱼性腺组织特异性表达基因提供了材料平台，为鲟鱼基因组数据增补了大量信息。     

中国鲟鱼产业技术研发现状与展望

2016年中国鲟鱼养殖产量89 773吨。鲟鱼种苗、饲料、养殖、加工及销售等环节的一些实用技术基本能满足鲟鱼产业的现实需要,但仍然存在不少问题,如种质退化问题、鱼子酱及鱼肉的品质问题、养殖过程中的氮磷排放问题。本文就中国已经形成的鲟鱼产业技术进行梳理、评述和展望。     

Economics of joint production of sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus Richardson) and roe for caviar

Costs, revenues, net income and rate of return on investment of rearing sturgeon for production of both meat and roe for caviar are analyzed by a computer simulation model for three sizes of hatchery-growout operations: capacities for handling 5, 10, and 15 broodstock. Biological relationships regarding growth, feed consumption, sexual maturity, and mortality interact with management decisions about stocking density, age at which part or all of the fish are marketed, and size of plant to yield the economic performance measures under several scenarios. Spline functions are used to estimate functional relationships between growth (weight) and age while the mortality is described by logistic functions. The biological data were obtained from the University of California, Davis, Aquaculture and Fisheries Program, and various commercial sturgeon producing firms in California. When sturgeon roe prices are less than $331 per kg, the firm receives a greater rate of return on investment by marketing all production fish at 18.5 months of age. With roe prices greater than $331 per kg, higher rates of return on investment are obtained by retaining female fish through sexual maturity (from 6 through 10 years of age) and harvesting the roe as well as the meat. Results are presented under the specification that all but 4000 fish are sold at age 18.5 months. Two thousand females from those 4000 fish are raised beyond 36 months of age for roe production. Economies of scale were exhibited as the firm's capacity expanded to 15 broodstock.     

Confirmation of ovarian homogeneity in post-vitellogenic cultured white sturgeon,Acipenser transmontanus

Assessing stage of oocyte maturity in female sturgeon by calculating oocyte polarization index (PI) is a necessary tool for both conservation propagation managers and caviar producers to know when to hormonally induce spawning. We tested the assumption that sampling ovarian follicles from one section of one ovary is sufficient for calculating an oocyte PI representative of oocyte maturity for an individual animal. Short-wavelength near-infrared spectroscopy (SW-NIR) scans were performed on three positions per ovary for five fish prior to caviar harvest. Samples of ovarian follicles were subsequently taken from the exact location of the SW-NIR scans for calculation of oocyte PI and follicle diameter. Oocyte PI was statistically different though not biologically relevant within an ovary and between ovaries in four of five fish. Follicle diameter was statistically different but not biologically relevant within an ovary in three of five fish. There were no differences in follicle diameter between ovaries. No statistical differences were observed between SW-NIR spectra collected at different locations within an ovary or between ovaries. These results emphasize the importance of utilizing both oocyte PI measurement and progesterone-induced oocyte maturation assays while deciding when to hormonally induce spawning in sturgeon females.     

Status, trends and management of sturgeon and paddlefish fisheries

The 27 extant species of sturgeons and paddlefishes (Order Acipenseriformes) represent a unique and relict lineage of fishes. Producers of coveted black caviar, sturgeons are one of the most valuable wildlife commodities on earth. The group is among the most endangered fishes with all species listed under Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) Appendix I (two species) or II (25 species), only two species considered Lower Risk by IUCN, four of the nine US taxa and one Caspian species protected under the Endangered Species Act, and local extinctions recorded for 19 of 27 species. Despite their well‐publicized imperilled status, commercial pressure on 15 species persists. Here, after reviewing the biological characteristics of sturgeons and paddlefishes and their commercial use, an overview of global fisheries is presented. The synopsis demonstrates that, with few exceptions, sturgeon and paddlefish are imperilled across the globe and long‐term survival in the wild is in jeopardy. All major sturgeon fisheries have surpassed peak productivity levels, with 70% of major fisheries posting recent harvests <15% of historic peak catches and 35% of the fisheries examined crashing within 7–20 years of inception. Even in Caspian Sea fisheries, the most important globally, present catches are below 10% of historic peak landings. Improved domestic and international fisheries management and attention to habitat and species restoration is now needed. Although captive rearing offers promise for caviar alternatives and endangered species restoration, it must advance cautiously to avoid environmental harm. To ensure a continued supply of caviar and the survival of these unique fishes we offer recommendations for priority conservation action for the future.     

施氏鲟、达氏鳇及其杂交子代的分子鉴定

采用39对微卫星引物扩增施氏鲟(Acipenser schrenckii)、达氏鳇(Huso dauricus)及其正反杂交子代[A.schrenckii(♀)×H.dauricus(♂),H.dauricus(♀)×A.schrenckii(♂)]的全基因组。其中5对引物无扩增产物,其余34对引物中,有3对只在施氏鲟中得到扩增产物,有31对能同时在3种鱼中进行有效扩增,其中均呈单态的有7对,均呈多态的有22对,位点LS19和LS22在施氏鲟中呈多态,在达氏鳇中呈单态。34个微卫星位点共得到96个等位基因,大小在80～394bp之间。检测到种间特异位点6个(HLJSX22,HLJSX23,HLJSX37,HLJSX41,HLJSX48,LS54),将这些位点部分组合,可以有效鉴别出施氏鲟、达氏鳇和其杂交子代。同时测定杂交子代的线粒体控制区序列,将测序结果与GenBank中施氏鲟和达氏鳇的同源序列进行比对,根据线粒体母性遗传特性,通过比对序列的差异大小来判断杂交子代的母本来源。结果表明,采用微卫星分子标记结合线粒体控制区同源序列比对的方法,可以很好地鉴别出施氏鲟、达氏鳇及其正反杂交子代。