Regulation of microtubule dynamics by reaction cascades around chromosomes

During spindle assembly, chromosomes generate gradients of microtubule stabilization through a reaction-diffusion process, but how this is achieved is not well understood. We measured the spatial distribution of microtubule aster asymmetry around chromosomes by incubating centrosomes and micropatterned chromatin patches in frog egg extracts. We then screened for microtubule stabilization gradient shapes that would generate such spatial distributions with the use of computer simulations. Only a long-range, sharply decaying microtubule stabilization gradient could generate aster asymmetries fitting the experimental data. We propose a reaction-diffusion model that combines the chromosome generated Ran-guanosine triphosphate-Importin reaction network to a secondary phosphorylation network as a potential mechanism for the generation of such gradients.     

Depoliticizing land and water “grabs” in Colombia: the limits of Bonsucro certification for enhancing sustainable biofuel practices

As concerns heighten over links between biomass production and land grabs in the global south, attention is turning to understanding the role of governance of biofuels systems, whereby decision-making and conduct are not solely determined through government regulations but increasingly shaped by non-state actors, including multi-stakeholder initiatives (MSI). Launched in 2005, Bonsucro is the principal MSI that focuses on sustainability standards for sugar and sugarcane ethanol production. Bonsucro claims that because it is free from government interference and draws on scientific metrics, their standards transcend localized, political–economic contexts. In this paper, we illustrate how the local context shapes the prospects for Bonsucro sustainably certified biofuel production in relation to land and water grabs. To accomplish this, our case focuses on Colombia, which has used a range of national policy mandates to establish itself as one of the larger producers of agrofuels in Latin America. We draw on interviews with stakeholders in the sugar and ethanol industries, paired with an examination of Bonsucro principles on land rights and water use, to illustrate how the sugar industry is framing their participation in Bonsucro, and the effects of the increasing intensification of sugarcane for ethanol production on land and water access for communities. We find that within the context of Colombia, efforts such as Bonsucro provide a veil of legitimacy and authority to a system that is premised on deeply entrenched historical patterns of inequitable land ownership patterns and access to natural resources.     

Unifying the epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics of pathogens

A key priority for infectious disease research is to clarify how pathogen genetic variation, modulated by host immunity, transmission bottlenecks, and epidemic dynamics, determines the wide variety of pathogen phylogenies observed at scales that range from individual host to population. We call the melding of immunodynamics, epidemiology, and evolutionary biology required to achieve this synthesis pathogen "phylodynamics." We introduce a phylodynamic framework for the dissection of dynamic forces that determine the diversity of epidemiological and phylogenetic patterns observed in RNA viruses of vertebrates. A central pillar of this model is the Evolutionary Infectivity Profile, which captures the relationship between immune selection and pathogen transmission.     

黄瓜叶片大小解剖结构的对比研究

通过制作石蜡切片对4个黄瓜品种在3个时期的解剖结构进行了观察。其中D9320、D2005为叶面积大品种,D0455、D0401为叶面积小品种。结果表明,D9320、D2005叶面积大的原因是细胞平均面积大,而非数量多;D0401、D0455叶面积小的原因是细胞平均面积小,而非数量少。黄瓜叶为典型异面叶,表皮由一层紧密的形状不规则的表皮细胞组成,维管组织较发达,导管分布较多,上下表皮均分布有表皮毛,但以下表皮为主。     

Gaseous-diffusion porometer for continuous measurement of diffusive resistance of leaves

We describe a porometer that enables continuous monitoring of the stomatal diffusive resistance of leaves. The flux is measured of a gas-such as nitrous oxide-diffusing through a leaf that divides an enclosing chamber into two compartments. Nitrous oxide is added in known concentration to the airstream passing through the compartment on one side of the leaf and is recovered from the airstream passing through the opposite compartment. From measurements of the difference in concentration across the leaf and of the flux, the diffusive resistance of the leaf to N(2)O is calculated; this value, adjusted for resistance external to the leaf, gives a continuous record of internal diffusive resistance. This record can be made simultaneously with measurements of transpiration and photosynthesis.     

白掌叶片生长定量分析与生长模型的构建

以‘美酒’(Spathiphyllum ‘Mojo’)、‘绿巨人’(Spathiphyllum ‘Sensation’)、‘皇后’(Spathiphyllum ‘Queen’) 3个不同叶型的白掌(Spathiphyllum )品种为材料，测定了其叶片生长过程中叶片宽度、叶片长度、叶面积、叶脉数、叶厚度、叶尖夹角和叶片全长，定量分析了叶片生长性状、不同品种间的差异，构建了主要性状的生长模型。结果表明:叶长度与宽度随时间变化的生长进程二维构图呈漏斗形；叶片宽度、叶长、叶面积、叶全长随时间进程而产生较大变化。生长完成的叶片形态在品种间差异显著，叶全长、叶片长度、叶厚度等是叶部形态产生差异的主要性状。选择叶片宽度、叶长、叶面积、叶全长构建了Logistic生长模型y=K/(1+ae?bt)，这几个性状生长方程的拟合度R2均超过0.97，实测值与理论值相关系数超过0.99，说明这个数学模型能很好地揭示白掌叶片的生长规律。基于生长模型方程求导，结合叶片形态变化，可将白掌叶片生长过程分为生长期、快速生长期、生长后期3个时期。3个品种的8个叶片性状变异系数分布从18.07%到88.85%，Shannon遗传多样性指数H′在2.94～3.28之间，表明性状有遗传的多样性。     

莜麦茎杆叶片动态变化规律研究

经过３年对６个不同类型的莜麦进行了茎杆叶片动态变化规律的研究，初步摸清了莜麦出叶速度、死亡速度、叶长、叶宽、外面积、叶片存活期动态变化规律和相互之间的关系，同时对茎杆生长量和几何结构等作了较为仔细的研究，从而为莜麦栽培技术的确定和品种选育提供了形态指标方面的依据。     

甲哌啶和多效唑对重瓣玉簪的生物学效应

两个品种的重瓣玉簪经甲哌啶（ＤＰＣ）和多效唑（ＰＰ（３３３））喷施后，植株株型、相对生长及某些生理指标发生了显著的变化。低浓度ＤＰＣ（２～６ｍｇ／Ｌ）和ＰＰ（３３３）（５０～２００ｍｇ／Ｌ）使植株比叶重（叶重／叶面积）和比质重（叶重／单株干重）提高，而使叶面比重（叶面积／单株干重）下降。叶片净光合作用和叶绿素含量经两种低浓度药剂处理后也有明显提高。表明低浓度ＤＰＣ和ＰＰ（３３３）能通过改变植株株型来提高花卉的观赏价值。但玉簪植株经高浓度ＤＰＣ（６～１０ｍｇ／Ｌ）和ＰＰ（３３３）（２００～５００ｍｇ／Ｌ）处理后，其生长受到明显抑制，净光合速率下降，并出现轻度的毒害症状     

霍山石斛野生植株·组培植株与河南石斛叶表皮微形态特征研究

[目的]比较霍山石斛野生植株、组培植株与河南石斛的叶表皮微形态结构特征,为霍山石斛的真伪鉴定提供依据。[方法]在光学显微镜下,观察霍山石斛野生植株、组培植株与河南石斛的叶表皮微形态结构,并测定气孔器密度、分布及气孔指数等。[结果]3种石斛叶的上表皮细胞多为规则的六边形,霍山石斛野生植株、组培植株下表皮细胞为不规则形和近多边形,河南石斛的下表皮细胞为多边形,3种植物垂周壁式样相似;3种石斛叶的上表皮均无气孔,下表皮气孔无规则分布,霍山石斛野生植株、组培植株与河南石斛气孔长宽比分别为1.12、1.55、1.31,气孔器密度分别为109、156、94个/mm2,气孔指数分别为8.9%、12.5%、8.2%。[结论]霍山石斛野生植株、组培植株与河南石斛叶表皮细胞形状、气孔分布、垂周壁式样均比较相似,难以作为分类的依据。气孔器形状、密度、大小表现出比较稳定的差异,可以作为这3种石斛之间区分的依据。     

Complex multicolor tilings and critical phenomena in tetraphilic liquid crystals

T-shaped molecules with a rod-like aromatic core and a flexible side chain form liquid crystal honeycombs with aromatic cell walls and a cell interior filled with the side chains. Here, we show how the addition of a second chain, incompatible with the first (X-shaped molecules), can form honeycombs with highly complex tiling patterns, with cells of up to five different compositions ("colors") and polygonal shapes. The complexity is caused by the inability of the side chains to separate cleanly because of geometric frustration. Furthermore, a thermoreversible transition was observed between a multicolor (phase-separated) and a single-color (mixed) honeycomb phase. This is analogous to the Curie transition in simple and frustrated ferro- and antiferromagnets; here spin flips are replaced by 180° reorientations of the molecules.     

国产萝藦科牛奶菜族11属植物叶表皮形态研究

在光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜下观察了国产萝藦科牛奶菜族11属28种植物叶表皮的外表面和内表面形态特征.该族植物叶片上表皮细胞通常呈多边形,垂周壁平直或近平直;角质层有条纹状、乳突状、粗条状和脊状皱褶等结构;气孔器有平列型和环列型2种类型:眼树莲属D ischidia、球兰属Hoya和扇叶藤属M icholitzia具有环列型气孔器,其他属均为平列型.结合形态学、细胞学和分子生物学资料,提出牛奶菜族的气孔器可能是从平列型向环列型进化的.     

郁闭柑橘园整形改造对植株冠层生理特性、产量和果实品质的影响

【目的】研究郁闭柑橘园整形改造对植株冠层特性、光合特性及营养代谢、产量和果实品质的影响,为柑橘园树体管理和郁闭柑橘园合理改造及航空植保农艺配套等提供依据。【方法】以15年生枳橙砧奥林达夏橙为试验材料,对郁闭植株进行开心形、篱壁形和主干形等树形改造处理(对照植株即CK,不作任何处理),研究树体冠层特性、叶片营养、叶绿素快速荧光、果实品质及单株产量等的变化。【结果】6—9月,各处理植株的叶面积指数、叶倾角均呈不断增大趋势,以开心形的增幅最明显,而散射辐射透过系数、直接辐射透过系数及光合有效辐射则相反;各处理植株冠层特性存在明显差异,冠层透光性为开心形主干形篱壁形CK。各处理植株叶片光合荧光参数F_o、F_m和φ_(Do)均显著降低,但不同时段CK处理的F_o和F_m为最大,且显著大于开心形。植株冠层单位叶片有活性反应中心的数量(RC/CS_o)、最大光化学效率(φ_(Po))、用于电子传递的量子产额(φ_(Eo))、用于还原PSI受体侧末端电子受体的量子产额(φ_(Ro))、捕获的能量传递到电子链末端的量子产额(ψ_(Ro))、通过电子链传递的能量传递在电子链末端的量子产率(δ_(Ro))和光合机构性能(PI_(abs)、PI_(total))等也呈下降趋势,以CK降幅最大,且显著大于开心形;实施整形改造处理的植株冠层叶片光系统活性、光能利用率及光合机构性能等均明显提高。各处理植株叶片N、P、K和Zn含量几乎均呈下降趋势,而Ca、S、Fe、Mn和Cu均趋于逐渐积累,但所有整形改造处理植株叶片的N、Ca、S和Fe含量均高于CK。开心形、篱壁形、主干形和CK的平均单株产量分别为101.1、69.1、89.11和64.65 kg,果实可溶性固形物含量分别为10.66%、10.62%、10.31%和9.94%。【结论】本试验实施的整形改造处理可明显改善郁闭植株冠层光照条件,提高叶片光合能力,促进叶片中氮素等营养的提升,单株产量明显提高,果实品质得以改善,以开心形处理效果更为显著。     

不同种植方式对河套灌区玉米生长动态及产量形成特性的影响

针对河套平原灌区玉米种植模式传统单一和再增产潜力较大等实际问题,于2018年在五原县进行玉米不同种植模式田间小区试验,探究了一穴双株、一穴3株、无膜浅埋滴灌绿色种植、超高产种植和割苗种植5种种植模式对玉米生育特性及产量的影响。结果表明,不同种植模式对玉米生长发育和产量影响显著,无膜浅埋滴灌绿色种植模式下,玉米株高表现良好;一穴双株和超高产种植下,玉米植株叶片数和叶面积指数以及果穗性状表现最好。在产量方面,一穴双株种植模式增产效果最显著(P<0.05),与其他模式相比,分别增产22.7%、37.4%、28.8%和15.9%。综上所述,一穴双株种植模式可作为河套灌区高产栽培模式推广应用。     

小麦族猬草属和赖草属物种的叶表皮微形态研究

对4种猬草属和12种赖草属植物叶表皮进行光镜观察,发现叶下表皮呈现较丰富的微形态差异,主要表现在长细胞形态、短细胞类型及分布、刺毛的有无、气孔器的形态与分布等;表皮微形态的性状组合特征与植物所生长的生态环境有较大的关联;叶表皮微形态具有区分物种的价值,但在属间或属内分组水平上的分类意义不大。     

Effects of landscape corridors on seed dispersal by birds

Habitat fragmentation threatens biodiversity by disrupting dispersal. The mechanisms and consequences of this disruption are controversial, primarily because most organisms are difficult to track. We examined the effect of habitat corridors on long-distance dispersal of seeds by birds, and tested whether small-scale (<20 meters) movements of birds could be scaled up to predict dispersal of seeds across hundreds of meters in eight experimentally fragmented landscapes. A simulation model accurately predicted the observed pattern of seed rain and revealed that corridors functioned through edge-following behavior of birds. Our study shows how models based on easily observed behaviors can be scaled up to predict landscape-level processes.     

温室标准切花菊叶面积预测模型研究

 【目的】建立一个温室标准切花菊的叶面积指数预测模型。【方法】根据光温对菊花（Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.）出叶和展叶速率的影响，通过不同定植期和不同品种的试验，以综合考虑温度、光合有效辐射和日长的生理辐热积为预测指标，建立了温室标准切花菊叶面积预测模型，并用独立的试验数据对模型进行检验。【结果】模型对温室标准切花菊的叶面积指数的预测精度较高，预测值与实测值基于1﹕1线的决定系数（R2）和回归估计标准误差（RMSE）分别为0.94和0.75。基于生理辐热积的预测模型对叶面积指数的预测精度比积温法和比叶面积法分别提高了48.2%和84.6%。【结论】本研究的叶面积指数预测模型预测精度高，模型参数少，机理性强，可以为温室标准切花菊生长和外观品质的预测与管理提供理论依据与决策支持。     

南昌市8种乔木叶片性状对叶表滞留颗粒物的影响

乔木的叶片可以滞留空气中的颗粒物，从而起到净化空气的作用。以南昌市8种代表性乔木叶片为研究对象，以SPM2.5（叶表单位面积滞留的PM_2.5颗粒物重量）、SPM₁₀（叶表单位面积滞留的PM₁₀颗粒物重量）、STSP（叶表单位面积滞留的总悬浮颗粒物重量）为衡量叶表滞留颗粒物能力的指标，探讨叶片表观性状和微观性状对滞留颗粒物能力的影响，分析叶表滞留颗粒物的形貌和成分。研究表明，马尾松SPM_2.5、SPM₁₀、STSP最大，分别达到0.85、1.02、2.13 g·m^-2，枫香最小，分别达到0.06、0.07、0.15 g·m^-2。叶表滞留SPM_2.5、SPM₁₀、STSP的能力与叶片的SLA（比叶面积）负相关，与叶片长宽比正相关。叶表产生粘性分泌物，具有凹槽和深沟壑的结构可以滞留更多的颗粒物。叶表滞留的颗粒物多为不规则形，主要成分为硅铝酸盐。     

水稻叶龄动态的模拟研究

研究对在江西省３个不同生态地区进行的４个品种（或杂优组合）的播种期试验的水稻出叶动态进行模拟，结果表明模拟值与实际观测值吻合较好，该叶龄模型对水稻生长条件的变化具有较高的灵敏度，能用于预测不同类型品种在不同生态条件下的出叶动态。     

管道模型和树木年轮水分输导模式的理论及在落叶松生产力估测中的应用

  目的  在管道模型假说和前期提出的树木年轮水分输导模式基础上,从理论和应用两个层面探讨了长白落叶松树冠生产力结构及4种落叶松的叶生物量估测模型,期望为树冠生产力评价和树木年轮水分输导模式研究提供理论与技术支持。  方法  利用不同林龄和不同种落叶松树冠解析、生物量调查及树干染色试验数据,基于管道模型和树木年轮水分输导模式分析树冠生产力结构、构建叶生物量估测模式,并对不同年龄、不同种落叶松筛选出的估测变量及估测效果进行对比分析。  结果  （1） 11年林龄的长白落叶松,胸高处当年生年轮断面积占该处具备水分输导能力的总断面积的19.64%,却供养了整个树冠最外侧29.8%的叶面积（指在当年生枝条上着生的叶面积）,说明当年生年轮水分输导的速率显著快于其他年轮。（2）基于管道模型和树木年轮水分输导模式得出树木枝条叶生物量、叶面积的多少受到枝条基部水分的输导能力及机械支撑能力的综合影响,其估测自变量可区分为二类,一类是与枝生物量有关的变量,另一类是与枝条基部水分输导能力有关的变量。（3）基于两类变量构建的4种落叶松叶生物量估测标准回归模型具有极高的估测精度。（4）为了便于应用,提出了简化的叶生物量二元线性估测模型,对于4种落叶松的估测效果达到了极显著相关水平。（5）构建了4种落叶松的叶生物量与枝条基部断面积的一元线性回归模型,对模型的截距和斜率进行差异显著性分析发现,兴安落叶松与其他3种落叶松均差异极显著,日本落叶松与华北落叶松也达到了差异极显著的水平,而华北落叶松与长白落叶松差异不显著。这一结果反映了4种落叶松在树冠形态上的不同。  结论  管道模型和树木年轮水分输导模式理论及其推论在树木生产力结构研究和生产力评价方面具有较高的应用前景。据此可将枝条叶生物量的估测变量区分为两类,即与枝生物量有关的变量和与枝条水分输导能力有关的变量。提出了叶生物量估测的标准回归模型和简化回归模型,该模型对4种落叶松的估测精度均达到了极显著相关水平。