超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定豇豆中溴氰虫酰胺等5种农药残留

建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)同时测定豇豆中溴氰虫酰胺、乙基多杀菌素、呋虫胺、噻虫嗪和啶虫脒残留量的方法。豇豆样品经乙腈提取,通过QuEChERS法净化后,采用Acquity UPLCBEH C18色谱柱分离,在电喷雾正离子模式下以多反应监测(MRM)模式检测。结果表明:在0.01~1μg/mL内5种农药的峰面积与其相应的质量浓度间呈良好线性关系,相关系数均大于0.99;在0.01、0.1和1 mg/kg 3个添加水平下,回收率为71%~129%,相对标准偏差为0.90%~20.8%(n=5)。5种农药在豇豆中的检出限为0.084~4.0μg/kg,定量限为0.80~16.6μg/kg。该方法简单灵敏,定量准确,可用于分析豇豆中的溴氰虫酰胺、乙基多杀菌素、呋虫胺、噻虫嗪和啶虫脒的残留量。     

烯啶虫胺在柑橘和土壤中的残留及消解动态

应用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)建立了烯啶虫胺在柑橘和土壤中的残留分析方法,并采用该方法研究了烯啶虫胺在田间柑橘和土壤中的消解动态。样品分别采用乙腈和甲醇提取,UPLC-MS/MS检测,外标法定量。在0.1~5 mg/L质量浓度范围内,烯啶虫胺的仪器 响应值与质量浓度呈良好线性关系,相关系数均在0.99以上。该方法的最小检出量为1.0×10-11 g, 在柑橘和土壤中的最低检测浓度均为0.05 mg/kg。当添加水平为0.05~2 mg/kg时,回收率在70.8%~104.1%之间,相对标准偏差在4.7%~12.3%之间。消解动态试验结果表明,烯啶虫胺在柑橘和土壤中消解的半衰期分别为3.4~10.7 d和1.8~5.4 d,表明烯啶虫胺属于易降解农药(t1/2<30 d)。     

优化的QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定韭菜中31种农药残留

基于超高效液相色谱-串联质谱 (UPLC-MS/MS),建立了同时检测韭菜中31种农药残留的分析方法。韭菜样品经乙腈提取,采用优化的QuEChERS方法净化后,进行UPLC-MS/MS 检测。结果表明:在 0.5~100 μg/L范围内,31种农药的质量浓度与相应峰面积间呈良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.995,定量限 (LOQs) 为0.01 mg/kg;在0.01、0.1和1 mg/kg 3个添加水平下,31种农药在韭菜中的平均回收率在70%~102%之间,相对标准偏差 (RSD) 均小于11% (n = 5)。该方法快速、简便、可靠、高效,且成本低廉,适用于同时检测韭菜中多种农药的残留量。     

超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱法测定柑橘中4种苯甲酰脲类农药残留

建立了柑橘中虱螨脲、灭幼脲、氟啶脲和除虫脲4种苯甲酰脲类农药同时检测的超高效液相色谱-三重四级杆串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)分析方法。样品采用QuEChERS前处理技术,超高效液相色谱-串联质谱电喷雾负离子模式检测测定。结果表明:在0.01~0.2μg/mL范围内,4种供试农药的质量浓度与其相应的峰面积间呈良好的线性关系,相关系数(r)均大于0.994。在0.01、0.05和0.1 mg/kg 3个添加水平下,4种农药的平均回收率为92%~105%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.4%~3.3%(n=5)。4种农药在柑橘中的定量限(LOQ)均为0.01 mg/kg。该方法准确、灵敏、简单,适用于同时测定柑橘中4种苯甲酰脲类农药的残留量。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱方法测定桑葚中吡虫啉和啶虫脒残留量

建立了桑葚中吡虫啉和啶虫脒残留检测的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱方法(UPLC-MS/MS)。桑葚样品经乙腈提取,石墨化碳黑氨基复合柱(Carbon/NH_2)净化,以甲醇和0.1%甲酸水溶液作为流动相洗脱,采用电喷雾离子源正离子模式(ESI~+),多反应监测(MRM)方式进行采集,外标法定量。结果表明,该试验方法简单,灵敏,选择性好,精密度高,啶虫脒和吡虫啉在0.10~100μg/L浓度范围内呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数R~20.99,方法检出限为0.02μg/kg,测定下限为0.10μg/kg。在1.00~100μg/kg添加浓度范围内,回收率、精密度均满足分析方法要求。     

QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定玉米粉中41种农药残留

基于QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱 (UPLC-MS/MS),建立了同时检测玉米粉中41种常见农药残留的分析方法。玉米粉样品经乙腈提取、QuEChERS方法净化后,采用UPLC-MS/MS检测分析。结果表明:在0.5~100 μg/L 范围内,41种待检农药质量浓度与对应的峰面积间均呈良好线性关系,决定系数均在 0.99以上;41种农药的定量限 (LOQ) 为 0.48~0.85 μg/kg;在0.01、0.1和1 mg/kg添加水平下,41种农药的平均回收率在74%~110%之间,相对标准偏差 (RSD) 在1.5%~12% (n = 5) 之间。该方法高效、快速、灵敏、准确,适用于玉米粉中多种农药残留的同时检测。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定柑橘中6种农药残留

建立了超高效液相色谱-三重四级杆串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)同时检测柑橘中吡虫啉、啶虫脒、多菌灵、咪鲜胺、乐果和阿维菌素6种农药残留。样品经乙腈振荡提取,氯化钠盐析分层,上清液经以N-丙基乙二胺(PSA)为分散净化剂的QuEChERS方法净化。质谱采用电喷雾正离子模式(ESI+)和选择多反应监测方式(MRM)采集数据。以基质配制标准溶液外标法定量,方法检出限为0.12～1.56μg/kg。在5.00～100μg/kg添加水平范围内,平均回收率为76.3%～112.4%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.1%～9.4%。本方法简单方便、灵敏度高、重现性好,可适用于快速检测大批量柑橘类水果样品。     

番茄、黄瓜及土壤中杀虫单总残留量的超高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱检测

建立了番茄、黄瓜及土壤中杀虫单残留的超高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)检测方法。先将杀虫单在碱性条件下水解成沙蚕毒素,经乙醚液-液分配后用甲醇定容,采用UPLC-MS/MS法测定沙蚕毒素浓度,最后再折算成杀虫单的残留量。结果表明:在1~500μg/L范围内,杀虫单质量浓度与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.99;仪器检出限(LOD)分别为0.213μg/kg(番茄)、0.212μg/kg(黄瓜)和0.172μg/kg(土壤),定量限(LOQ)分别为0.710μg/kg(番茄)、0.707μg/kg(黄瓜)和0.573μg/kg(土壤);对于番茄、黄瓜及土壤样品,10、100和500μg/kg 3个水平的添加回收率试验结果显示,方法的平均回收率在79%~101%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)为6.6%~16%。该方法可用于番茄、黄瓜及土壤中杀虫单残留量检测。     

菠菜中3种新烟碱杀虫剂多残留分析方法研究

研究确立了以乙腈为分散萃取溶剂,以羧基化双壁碳纳米管(DWCNTs-COOH)和石墨化碳黑(GCB)为基质分散材料的菠菜样品中呋虫胺、烯啶虫胺和吡虫啉残留的基质分散萃取前处理方法,建立并优化了乙腈梯度洗脱的高效液相色谱(HPLC)残留样品外标定量方法。结果表明,优化色谱条件下,呋虫胺、烯啶虫胺和吡虫啉色谱保留时间分别为6.8、8.6和17.7min,在0.025~25.00mg/L范围内与对应色谱峰面积具有良好的线性关系。呋虫胺、烯啶虫胺和吡虫啉在菠菜中3个添加水平的回收率均在75%以上,相对标准偏差均小于10%,该色谱条件下方法的最低检测浓度分别为0.091 2mg/L(呋虫胺)、0.080 8mg/L(烯啶虫胺)和0.062 8mg/L(吡虫啉),表明研究建立的残留样本前处理方法和样品检测方法简便、高效、经济、可靠,可满足3种农药在菠菜中残留的定量检测要求。     

烯啶虫胺在水稻和稻田环境中的残留及消解动态

采用高效液相色谱-紫外检测器(HPLC-UVD)测定了烯啶虫胺在稻田水、土壤、水稻植株和糙米样品中的消解动态及最终残留。田水样品用二氯甲烷萃取;土壤样品用水提取后经二氯甲烷萃取;水稻植株和糙米样品依次用水、丙酮提取,提取液经液液萃取及柱层析净化;HPLC-UVD检测。当烯啶虫胺在田水和土壤中的添加水平为0.1~5 mg/L和0.1~5 mg/kg,在植株和糙米中的添加水平为0.2~5 mg/kg时,其平均添加回收率在77.2% ~100.3%之间,相对标准偏差 (RSD)在1.9% ~12.9%之间。烯啶虫胺在稻田水、土壤、植株和糙米中方法的定量限(LOQ)分别为0.1 mg/L和0.1、0.2、0.2 mg/kg,检出限(LOD)分别为0.04 mg/L和0.04、0.08、0.08 mg/kg。温室模拟消解动态试验结果显示,以推荐使用高剂量的20倍(有效成分1 500 g/hm2) 施药,烯啶虫胺在稻田水、土壤以及水稻植株中的消解动态规律均符合一级动力学方程,其半衰期分别为0.58、3.31及2.70 d,消解速率较快。最终残留试验表明,于大田分蘖期按推荐使用高剂量的1.5倍(有效成分112.5 g/hm2)分别施药3次和4次,间隔期为7 d,距最后一次施药7 d后采样,糙米中烯啶虫胺的残留量均低于LOD值(0.08 mg/kg)及日本规定的最大残留限量(MRL)值(0.5 mg/kg)。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.