组胺对黄颡鱼生长及体色变异的影响

试验在基础饲料中分别添加0、10、100、1 000 mg/kg的组胺,制成4种等氮饲料(分别记为C、H10、H100和H1000),以黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)(102.13±0.52)g为试验对象,进行56 d的养殖试验,研究不同添加水平组胺对黄颡鱼生长、皮肤显微结构、皮肤黑色素含量、酪氨酸酶活力和脑中黑素皮质素受体-1(MC1R)mRNA表达量的影响。试验采用微流水室内养殖系统,结果表明:饲料中添加不同量组胺对黄颡鱼生长(增重率和特定生长率)无显著影响(P0.05),而高组胺添加量组(H1000组,组胺含量1 390 mg/kg)黄颡鱼皮肤中黑色素含量及脑组织中MC1R mRNA表达量显著低于对照组(P0.05),低添加量组(H10和H100)黄颡鱼皮肤黑色素含量和脑中MC1R mRNA表达量与对照组无差异(P0.05)。随着饲料中组胺添加量的增加,皮肤酪氨酸酶活力呈下降趋势,但各组间差异不显著(P0.05)。结果表明:组胺对黄颡鱼生长表现无影响,但会引起黄颡鱼体色白化,且白化程度与饲料中组胺含量密切相关。     

Effect of Salt Concentration and Extremely Halophilic Archaea on the Safety and Quality Characteristics of Traditional Salted Anchovies

Extremely halophilic archaea (EHA) might play an important role in salted fish production. So far, limited information has been available on the effect of EHA and salt concentration on the safety and quality characteristics of salted anchovies. Eight Halobacterium salinarum strains were isolated from different sea salt samples and subjected to phenotypic and genotypic characterization. The strains were then inoculated into fresh salt before addition to anchovies. A total of 18 experimental productions were performed. The inoculated trials showed the lowest counts of undesired microorganisms. In particular, salted anchovies produced with Hbt. salinarum H11 showed the lowest histamine concentration as well as the highest sensory scores. Differences in terms of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were estimated among trials. Furthermore, multivariate analysis showed that experimental production performed with a reduced amount of salt (175 g of sea salt per kg of anchovies) did not affect the final quality of salted anchovies. The strain Hbt. salinarum H11 produced salted anchovies with well-appreciated organoleptic features. Thus, the addition of EHA and the use of a lower amount of sea salt might represent a valuable alternative to the traditional method for production of salted anchovies.     

微生物对鱼粉中组胺含量的影响研究

我国鱼粉产品质量参差不齐,由于原料问题组胺含量普遍高于国际先进水平,过高的鱼粉含量易造成食品安全问题。为了降低过高的组胺含量对鱼粉品质的影响,本实验通过使用微生物参与降解鱼粉产品中的组胺。实验将降解时间与微生物添加比例作为变量,测试出较为适宜微生物降级组胺的条件,以及该条件下的实际效果。实验结果表明在设置的6个时间中(以6小时为时间梯),24h为较适宜的降解时间；在较适宜的降解时间中(24h)较适宜的微生物添加比例为10:1。此时鱼粉组胺含量为1622mg/kg,相较未加入微生物处理的鱼粉组胺含量(5298 mg/kg)降低69%。实验结果证明了微生物处理鱼粉中组胺具有显著的效果,为鱼粉生产、储存技术的改良提供了参考依据。     

奶牛瘤胃异常代谢产物组胺引起的炎性反应及其消除方法

高精低粗的饲粮结构会引起奶牛瘤胃内乳酸和挥发性脂肪酸浓度升高,瘤胃液pH降低,导致瘤胃内微生物区系发生改变,从而引起瘤胃内异常代谢产物(细菌内毒素、组胺等)增加,甚至引发亚急性瘤胃酸中毒。其中,组胺是机体内重要的炎性介质,高浓度的组胺转运至血液后可引起机体炎症反应,引起奶牛多种疾病,并使奶牛生产性能下降。本文对奶牛瘤胃异常发酵时组胺的产生和转运以及组胺诱导炎性反应的机制进行综述,同时,介绍一些限制组胺生成和转运的方法,为控制和减少组胺对奶牛的危害提供参考。     

Plasma histamine concentrations in horses administered sodium penicillin,guaifenesin–xylazine–ketamine and isoflurane with morphine or butorphanol

ObjectiveVarious drugs administered to horses undergoing surgical procedures can release histamine. Histamine concentrations were evaluated in horses prepared for surgery and administered butorphanol or morphine intraoperative infusions.Study designProspective studies with one randomized.AnimalsA total of 44 client-owned horses.MethodsIn one study, anesthesia was induced with xylazine followed by ketamine–diazepam. Anesthesia was maintained with guaifenesin–xylazine–ketamine (GXK) during surgical preparation. For surgery, isoflurane was administered with intravenous (IV) morphine (group M: 0.15 mg kg^–1 and 0.1 mg kg^–1 hour^–1; 15 horses) or butorphanol (group B: 0.05 mg kg^–1 and 0.01 mg kg^–1 hour^–1; 15 horses). Histamine and morphine concentrations were measured using enzyme-linked immunoassay before opioid injection (time 0), and after 1, 2, 5, 30, 60 and 90 minutes. In a subsequent study, plasma histamine concentrations were measured in 14 horses before drug administration (baseline), 15 minutes after IV sodium penicillin and 15 minutes after starting GXK IV infusion. Statistical comparison was performed using anova for repeated measures. Pearson correlation compared morphine and histamine concentrations. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Significance was assumed when p ≤ 0.05.ResultsWith histamine, differences occurred between baseline (3.2 ± 2.4 ng mL^–1) and GXK (5.2 ± 7.1 ng mL^–1) and between baseline and time 0 in group B (11.9 ± 13.4 ng mL^–1) and group M (11.1 ± 12.4 ng mL^–1). No differences occurred between baseline and after penicillin or between groups M and B. Morphine concentrations were higher at 1 minute following injection (8.1 ± 5.1 ng mL^–1) than at 30 minutes (4.9 ± 3.1 ng mL^–1) and 60 minutes (4.0 ± 2.5 ng mL^–1). Histamine correlated with morphine at 2, 30 and 60 minutes.Conclusions and clinical relevanceGXK increased histamine concentration, but concentrations were similar with morphine and butorphanol.     

Determination of Count and Uniformity Ratio of Shrimp by Machine Vision

Current shrimp quality evaluation is a subjective sum of visual, smell and texture characteristics, and the manual determination of count and uniformity ratio of a sample batch. The automation of this process is desirable for a more rapidly and objectively repeatable evaluation. As a first step towards this goal, the count and uniformity ratio of whole, headless, peeled-tail-on, and peeled-tail-off tiger and white shrimp were evaluated by a machine vision procedure. The experimental weight and view area were correlated by three different equations (linear, power, and forced-power curves) to find the best correlation. The pixel intesities as it relates to lightness-darkness values were also correlated to see if different forms and species could be distinguished by this method. Data, equations and statistics for the correlations are presented.     

电子束辐照对鲐鱼肉品质的影响

以真空包装和普通包装的鲐鱼肉为原料,分别用3、5和7kGy的电子束进行辐照,测定冷藏期间鲐鱼肉挥发性盐基氮(VBN)、过氧化值(POV)、组胺及其不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)的含量,结合感官评价研究电子束辐照处理对鲐鱼肉品质的影响。结果表明,电子束辐照处理使鲐鱼肉VBN、组胺含量得到了控制,减缓了样品在冷藏期间不饱和脂肪酸氧化的速度。因此电子束处理能延长鲐鱼肉保质期,冷藏前,对其采取普通包装、5kGy电子束辐照处理较为合适。     

Anti-allergic effects of the brown alga <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eisenia arborea</Emphasis> on Brown Norway rats

To investigate the anti-allergic effects of the brown alga Eisenia arborea. A strain of Brown Norway rats know to strongly respond to immunoglobulin E (IgE) were used as an allergy model animal. The rats were immunized with ovalbumin by oral administration. The levels of serum IgE and histamine were suppressed in the rats fed a diet supplemented with dried E. arborea powder. As for the cytokine pattern, the interferon-γ production in the spleens and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) was enhanced, and the interleukin-4 (IL-4) production in the spleens and/or IL-10 production in the spleens and MLN were suppressed. These results, together with the change in the Th1/Th2 balance, indicate that the rats fed with E. arborea became more anti-allergic, suggesting that E. arborea might possess anti-allergic effects.     

Inhibitory effects of seaweeds on histamine release from rat basophile leukemia cells (RBL-2H3)

ABSTRACT:   The effects of 80% methanol extracts from frozen samples of 41 macroalgae and one sea grass collected in the Ise-Shima region of Japan were investigated on histamine release from rat basophile leukemia cells (RBL-2H3) sensitized with antidinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE and stimulated with DNP-BSA. Of the 21 brown algae, five green and 15 red algae, and one sea grass tested, only extracts from seven brown algae suppressed histamine release from RBL cells, as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. When the cytotoxic effects of the seven brown algal extracts were investigated by Trypan blue staining, only Eisenia arborea and Sargassum thunbergii did not show cytotoxic effects. Therefore, we conclude that E. arborea and S. thunbergii may contain compounds that have antiallergic effects without inducing cell death.     

Histamine receptors mediate contraction of reticular groove smooth muscle of adult goats

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of histamine and to characterise its receptor subtypes in reticular groove (RG) smooth muscle of adult goats. The studies were done using floor and lip regions of RG. We used tension experiments on smooth muscle of RG isolated from adult goat for functional characterisation of H₁ and H₂ receptors. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry experiments were conducted for molecular characterisation of these receptors. Histamine evoked concentration-dependent contraction of isolated RG circular and longitudinal smooth muscle preparation. Pyrilamine antagonised the action of histamine. Histamine did not induce any relaxant effect on RG preparations. Additionally, cimetidine did not produce any significant effect on histamine-induced response. Non-selective histaminic receptor antagonist cyproheptadine attenuated the contraction response to histamine in the smooth muscle. Molecular characterisation and localisation of H₁ and H₂ receptor proteins confirmed the presence of these receptors in RG. It is most likely that histamine-induced contractile effect in RG smooth muscle of goats is mediated by H₁ histaminic receptors.