Replacement of fish oil in plant‐based diets for Pacific white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei,by stearine fish oil and palm oil

Stearine fish oil (SFO) and palm oil (PO) have emerged as promising alternatives for the replacement of fish oil (FO) in aquafeeds. This study evaluated the replacement of FO with alternative oils in practical diets for Litopenaeus vannamei. In a clear brackish water study (14.1 g/L) utilizing shrimp (0.29 ± 0.02 g, initial weight), FO was replaced by SFO at inclusion ratios of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100 (FO:SFO) and PO as 90% of FO. After 55 days, no significant differences (p < 0.05) in final weight, growth, or survival of shrimp were observed. A second trial (8 weeks) in low‐salinity water (2.1 g/L) with shrimp (0.92 ± 0.02 g, initial weight) evaluated diets with 100% FO, 100% SFO, 90% PO, 90% soybean oil (SO), or 90% flaxseed oil (FXO) as a replacement for FO and four commercially produced diets with 2% of FO, SO, PO, or FXO. One treatment received half rations of the commercial FO diet, and one treatment was based entirely on natural productivity. Results show that the fatty acid profiles of the tail muscle conformed to the lipids of the feed, and highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) were preserved. Following 8 weeks of culture, there were no significant differences in production performance.     

油棕叶梗重组方材制备工艺

以油棕叶梗为原材料、酚醛树脂为胶黏剂，采用正交试验方法研究重组方材密度、施胶量、热压时间和热压温度对油棕叶梗重组方材力学性能的影响。结果表明，密度对油棕叶梗重组方材性能的影响较大，密度和施胶量越大，重组方材力学性能越好；热压温度和热压时间对油棕叶梗重组方材性能的影响比较复杂。综合考虑确定油棕叶梗重组方材的较优制备工艺条件为:密度0.7 g/cm³，施胶量12%，热压温度180℃，热压时间40 min；较优工艺条件下油棕叶梗重组方材的弹性模量为7 185 MPa，静曲强度为68.7 MPa，顺纹抗压强度为35 MPa，内结合强度为0.21 MPa。密度为0.7 g/cm³的油棕叶梗重组方材的弹性模量、静曲强度、顺纹抗压强度高于了杉木的性能。     

棕榈粕替代部分玉米对藏羊母羊小肠形态发育、消化酶活性及抗氧化功能的影响

试验旨在探究精料补充料中使用不同比例棕榈粕替代玉米对藏羊母羊肠道组织形态学、消化酶活性、pH、脂多糖以及抗氧化能力的影响。选取初始体重相近且健康的2～3月龄高原型藏羊母羊120只,随机分为4组,每组30只,每组6个重复,每个重复5只母羊,分别饲喂0%、15%、18%和21%水平的棕榈粕替代精料中玉米。试验期97d。结果显示：1)0%组与15%组间小肠各段的绒毛高度、绒毛宽度、隐窝深度、黏膜厚度以及绒毛高度/隐窝深度差异均不显著（P>0.05）;2)0%组空肠的α-淀粉酶、纤维素酶、脂肪酶及糜蛋白酶显著或极显著小于15%组（P<0.05或P<0.01）;3)0%组空肠的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活性显著低于15%组与18%组（P<0.05）,相较于21%组差异不显著（P>0.05）;4)18%组与21%组空肠的脂多糖含量显著或极显著高于0%组（P<0.05或P<0.01）,与15%组相比差异不显著（P>0.05）。由此可见,棕榈粕可替代部分玉米饲喂藏羊母羊,推荐替代玉米的比例为15%。     

油棕丝纤维板热磨机螺旋进料器的设计分析

介绍了油棕丝的特点、油棕丝螺旋进料器主要参数的计算及关键元件的设计分析。     

昆明世界园艺博览园棕榈科植物的耐寒性调查

通过2002年和2003年对昆明世界园艺博览园引种的22种棕榈科植物的耐寒性的调查结果,有12种冬季无冻寒表现,冬后正常生长,适应性好;8种冬季有严重冻寒,冬后不能恢复生长,不适应;有2种冬季有不同程度冻寒,冬后不能正常生长,适应性差。棕榈植物的耐寒性、适应性与这些植物原有的适生温度范围的最低生存温度有关。     

油棕新品种对干旱胁迫的生理响应及其抗旱性评价

在不同程度的人工干旱胁迫下，测定10个油棕品种的叶绿素、游离脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、丙二醛含量、相对电导率、SOD与POD酶活性等，并利用SAS8.1统计主成分分析法，对10个油棕品种的抗旱能力进行综合评价。结果表明：(1)在干旱胁迫初期(0～5 d)，油棕各生理指标向着有利于适应抗旱的方向变化；随着干旱时间的延长(5～30 d)和胁迫程度的加剧(trt1～trt3)，各指标反映出油棕植株受害；当胁迫达50 d时，各生理指标几乎都向着抗旱有利的方向转变，表明油棕对干旱有较强的耐受性；(2)主成分分析表明，叶绿素含量、相对电导率、可溶性糖含量和SOD酶活性是反映油棕干旱胁迫的最重要的生理指标，可作为油棕品种抗旱性评价的依据；(3)10个油棕品种的综合抗旱力排序为：RYL34＞RYL39＞RYL38＞RYL32＞RYL37＞RYL31＞RYL36＞RYL40＞RYL33＞RYL35。     

Breaching the black box: The role of ramps in Thai sustainable palm oil certification

Certification of sustainable palm oil as organised through the Round Table on Sustainable Palm Oil is based on a simplified understanding of the global palm oil value chain – according to which instructions about production practices can be directly translated from the palm oil mill to the primary producer. The reality of palm oil provision is much more complex than this as is shown in the case of Thailand. On the basis of qualitative field study in Southern Thailand this paper clarifies that intermediary stages, such as the collection of oil palm fruit bunches at the ramp, play a key role in the organisation of the chain. The fluidity and complexity of the palm oil flow at the local level complicates the promotion of sustainability through certification. Global and national stakeholders, such as processing and trading firms, non‐governmental organisations and national governments, should therefore open this black box of local dynamics to more effectively contribute to sustainability in palm oil supply.     

成龄油棕园林下间作生姜栽培技术与效益分析

介绍成龄油棕园林下间作生姜的栽培技术方法，并对间作效益进行分析，分析表明，间作效益的大小需考虑油棕园的荫蔽度。