面筋持水率与面筋延展性的关系*

 以昆明市面粉市场销售的22种小麦面粉为材料,用手洗法测定湿面筋含量、干面筋含量、面筋持水率和面筋延展性,通过相关分析、通径分析、多元线性回归等方法分析了面筋含量、面筋持水率与面筋延展性的关系。结果表明面筋持水率在不同材料间差异较大,面筋持水率与面筋延展性间存在极显著正相关,相关系数达到0.782^**。通径分析结果表明,湿面筋含量、干面筋含量及面筋持水率对面筋延展性具有明显的直接和间接作用。通过多元线性回归分析得到的面筋延展性与湿面筋含量、干面筋含量、面筋持水率间的多元线性回归方程也较为可靠。因此,面筋持水率也可作为衡量面粉品质的指标之一。     

葡萄果实生长与水势及其分量和细胞壁展延性之间的关系

在充分供水、维持葡萄果实整个生长期黎明时最高水热血基本稳定的情况下，果实第一次快速生长期间细胞溶质势下降、压力上升，细胞壁弹性柔量和可塑性展延性均升高至整个发育期的最高峰；此期果实细胞失水时水势下降缓慢，而且在初始质壁分离点前，水势下降主要归因于压力势的下降，表现出渗透调节能力较小的特点。果实缓慢生长期间，细胞溶质势与压力势变化较小；而细胞壁弹性柔量比第一快速生长期大为降低，可塑性展延性降至整个发育期的最低点；此期果实失水时细胞水势、溶质势和压力势的变化特点与第一快速生长期差异不大。在果实第二快速生长期，细胞溶质势的下降和压力势的上升幅度均达到整个发育期的最大值，细胞壁弹性继续缓慢下降，而可塑性展延性上升至第二个高峰；此期果实失水时水势剧降，而细胞压力势下降相对缓慢，表现出渗透调节能力较大的特点。水分胁迫在抑制果实生长较大。讨论了果实不同发育期细胞水势分量和细胞壁展延性与果实生长这间的关系以及不同时期果实生长对水分胁迫敏感性变化的机制。     

不同木聚糖酶对小麦面团流变性质的影响

添加木聚糖酶到小麦面粉中,采用TA-XT Plus物性仪Kieffer实验测定小麦面团在拉伸中最大阻力,和最大阻力点的拉伸长度即延展性,研究同种木聚糖酶对不同品种小麦面团及不同木聚糖酶对同品种小麦面团的流变学特性的影响。结果表明：木聚糖酶对小麦面团拉伸的最大阻力随着酶含量的增加而减小,最大阻力处延展性随着酶量的增加而增大,木聚糖酶对小麦面团都具有软化和松弛作用。同时,木聚糖酶对不同种小麦面团流变影响程度不同;不同来源的木聚糖酶对小麦面团的流变影响程度也不同。     

Comparison of predictions of baking volume using large deformation rheological properties

Three large deformation rheological tests, the Kieffer dough extensibility system, the D/R dough inflation system and the 2 g mixograph test, were carried out on doughs made from a large number of winter wheat lines and cultivars grown in Poland. These lines and cultivars represented a broad spread in baking performance in order to assess their suitability as predictors of baking volume. The parameters most closely associated with baking volume were strain hardening index, bubble failure strain, and mixograph bandwidth at 10 min. Simple correlations with baking volume indicate that bubble failure strain and strain hardening index give the highest correlations, whilst the use of best subsets regression, which selects the best combination of parameters, gave increased correlations with R²=0.865 for dough inflation parameters, R²=0.842 for Kieffer parameters and R²=0.760 for mixograph parameters.     

Effects of wheat tempering and stone rotational speed on particle size,dough rheology and bread characteristics for a stone-milled weak flour

The poor technological performance of weak wheat flours means that they are usually considered difficult to be transformed into satisfactory bread. During milling, there are several settings that can affect flour characteristics. In this study, we tested two operative parameters that have the potential to affect flour quality – stone rotational speed and wheat tempering. Tempering moistures were set at 11%, 13%, 15%, and 17%, while stone rotational speeds were set at 173, 260, and 346 rpm. Both factors were found to affect operative milling parameters, notably flour yield, process productivity and specific energy consumption. Grain moisture had a significant effect on both dough rheology and bread characteristics (dough stability, tenacity, and extensibility). Dough stability was maximum at 13% moisture. Dough tenacity decreased as moisture increased, while extensibility increased as moisture increased. Bread specific volume and crumb specific volume were improved at 13% and 15% moisture. In conclusion, wheat tempering can be used to improve the potential of a weak flour and bread characteristics, while stone rotational speed affects operative parameters and white flour yield.     

Wheat quality traits and quality parameters of cooked dry white Chinese noodles

Dry white Chinese noodle (DWCN) is widely consumed in China, and genetic improvement of DWCN quality has become a major objective for Chinese wheat breeding programs. One hundred and four bread wheat cultivars and advanced lines, including 88from major Chinese wheat-producing areas, were sown in two locations for two years. Their DWCN quality, as evaluated by trained panelists, was studied to determine the relationship between wheat quality parameters and DWCN quality attributes. In general, the cultivars and advanced lines used in this study are characterized with acceptable protein content, but accompanied with weak-medium gluten strength and poor extensibility, and substantial variation is observed for all grain and DWCN quality characters. On average, Australia and USA wheat performed better DWCN quality than Chinese wheats. Simple correlation analysis indicated that both grain hardness and Farinograph water absorption were negatively associated with cooked DWCN color, appearance, smoothness, and taste. Flour whiteness and RVA peak viscosity was positively associated with all DWCN parameters, and their correlation coefficients (r) with DWCN score are 0.34 and 0.41, respectively. Their positive contributions to DWCN quality were mostly through improved color, appearance, smoothness, and taste. Farinograph mixing tolerance index (MTI) and softening were negatively associated with all DWCN quality parameters, and their correlation coefficients with DWCN score are –0.50 and–0.54, respectively. Further analysis indicated that association between protein content, Zeleny sedimentation value, Farinograph stability, and Extensograph extensibility, and DWCN score fit quadratic regression model significantly, with R² 0.12, 0.32, 0.22, and 0.20, respectively. The associations between Zeleny sedimentation value and DWCN's appearance and taste also fit quadratic regression model significantly. This suggests that to certain extent, increased protein content and gluten quality contribute positively to DWCN quality, mostly by improving palatability, elasticity, and stickiness. High flour whiteness, medium protein content, medium to strong gluten strength and good extensibility, and high starch peak viscosity are desirable for DWCN quality. Genetic improvement for flour whiteness, protein quality and starch paste viscosity would increase the DWCN quality of Chinese bread wheat cultivars. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Contribution of common wheat protein fractions to dough properties and quality of northern-style Chinese steamed bread

Thirty-three cultivars and advanced lines originated from China, Mexico, and Australia were sown in four environments in Chinese spring wheat regions to investigate the association between gluten protein fractions determined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), and dough properties and northern-style Chinese steamed bread (CSB) quality. The genotypes were divided into two groups of 10 and 23 entries with and without the 1B/1R translocation, respectively. 1B/1R translocation lines had significantly high amounts of ω  -gliadins, and low levels of glutenin and low molecular weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS), but no significant difference in dough properties and CSB quality from non-translocation lines. The association between protein fractions and dough properties, and CSB quality largely depended upon the presence of 1B/1R translocation. Gliadin contributed more in quantity to flour protein content (FPC) than glutenin, while glutenin and its fractions contributed more to dough strength and CSB quality. Among non-translocation lines, moderate to high correlation coefficients between quantified glutenin and its fractions, and farinograph development time (DT, r=0.85$r=0.85$–0.92) and stability (ST, r=0.81$r=0.81$–0.93), extensograph maximum resistance (R_max, r=0.90$r=0.90$–0.93), CSB stress relaxation (SR, r=0.55$r=0.55$–0.61) and CSB score (r=0.56$r=0.56$–0.62), were observed. Gliadin:glutenin ratios showed significant and negative associations with dough properties and CSB quality. Correlation coefficients between gliadin:glutenin, gliadin:HMW-GS, gliadin:LMW-GS ratios, and CSB score were −0.79, −0.73, and −0.79 among non-translocation lines, respectively. HMW-GS and LMW-GS, x-type HMW-GS and y-type HMW-GS contributed similarly to dough properties and CSB quality for non-translocation lines. Weak correlations between protein fractions and dough properties, and CSB quality were observed among translocation lines. This information should be useful for improvement of dough properties and CSB quality.     

Shrinkage Characteristics of Lime Concretion Black Soil as Affected by Biochar Amendment

Studies have reported that biochar is a sustainable amendment that improves the chemical and physical properties of soil.In this study,an incubation experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different application rates of biochar on the cracking pattern and shrinkage characteristics of lime concretion black soil after three wetting and drying cycles.Biochar derived from the corn straw and peanut shell mixture was applied to the soil at rates of 0,50,100,and 150 g kg~(-1)dry weight,representing the treatments T_(0),T_(50),T_(100),and T_(150),respectively.During the wetting and drying cycles,the cracking pattern and shrinkage characteristics of the unamended and amended soil samples were recorded.Application of biochar significantly increased soil organic carbon content in the samples.During soil desiccation,biochar significantly reduced the rate of water loss.Cracks propagated slowly and stopped due to the relatively higher water content in the soil applied with biochar.The cracking area density(ρ_c),equivalent width,fractal dimension,and cracking connectivity index decreased during the drying process with increasing application rate of biochar.Theρ_(c )value of the T_(50),T_(100),and T_(150) treatments decreased by 33.6%,52.1%,and 56.9%,respectively,after three wetting and drying cycles,whereas the T_(0) treatment exhibited a marginal change.The coefficient of linear extensibility,an index used to describe onedimentional shrinkage,of the unamended soil sample(T_(0))was approximately 0.23.Application of 100 and 150 g kg~(-1)biochar to the soil significantly reduced the shrinkage capacity by 41.45%and 45.54%,respectively.The slope of the shrinkage characteristics curve,which indicates the ralationship between soil void ratio and moisture ratio,decreased with increase in the application rate of biochar.Furthermore,compared with the T_(0) treatment,the proportional shrinkage zone of the shrinkage characteristic curve of the T_(50),T_(100),and T_(150) treatments decreased by 5.8%,13.1%,and 12.1%,respectively.Differences were not observed in the moisture ratio at the maximum curvature of the shrinkage characteristic curve among the treatments.The results indicate that biochar can alter the cracking pattern and shrinkage characteristics of lime concretion black soil.However,the effects of biochar on the shrinkage of lime concretion black soil are dependent on the number of wetting and drying cycles.