美国奶业新特点、新趋势及对中国的启示

美国奶业发展历史悠久,其生产端、消费端乃至流通贸易方面长期积累的丰富经验,对中国奶业振兴具有一定的参考价值。笔者对2000年以来美国奶业生产、价格、消费、贸易等方面所呈现的新特点进行分析,对奶业相关的支持政策及其变化趋势进行梳理。研究发现,近年来,美国奶牛场数量向北部和西部集中,500头以上规模化牧场成为主流,奶牛存栏增加;技术进步推动奶牛单产突破10 t,生鲜乳产量接近1亿t。基于分级定价的乳成分定价机制不断完善,近5年生鲜乳价格低位运行,2019年快速复苏。乳制品加工业向龙头企业集中,奶酪是主要加工产品。乳制品消费逐年增长,年人均消费量达292.90 kg,奶酪是主要增长点且增速加快。乳制品贸易波动增加,出口目的地集中在北美、东亚和东南亚地区,品类以奶粉、奶酪和乳清为主。奶业产业支持政策广泛涵盖生产、消费、贸易等各环节,各政策间功能互补、协调配套,形成了强大的政策合力与综合效能。美国奶业在产业组织、运行机制、政策配套等方面的经验与做法,对推动完善中国奶业利益联结机制、优化生鲜乳价格形成机制、完善奶业支持政策体系和培育乳制品消费习惯等方面具有重要启示。     

中国对美直接投资的产业选择研究

对于投资国来说，对外直接投资的产业选择对投资收益和潜在收益有较大影响。为了研究中国对美直接投资的产业选择对中国产业的影响，本文基于比较优势，构建发展中国家OFDI决策模型，通过构造评价指标以及构建回归模型，并利用2005-2014年中国对外直接投资数据、出口数据、行业相关数据对中国对美直接投资的效应进行了实证分析。结果表明，作为中国对美直接投资的两个重点产业，第二、第三产业可以为提高本国对应产业的比较优势提供支撑；中国对美直接投资、美国自身的产业比较优势、其他国家对中国直接投资、中国国内的固定资产投资、中国各行业从业人员数均有助于提高中国产业比较优势；由于中国内部约束和外部约束的原因，中国对美直接投资对提升中国产业比较优势的作用还不明显。     

论鸦片战争前茶叶在中美贸易中的地位及其成因

荷兰人将中国茶带到美洲殖民地，英国人将饮茶习惯普及。独立后的美国迫切展开与中国直接贸易，1784年“中国皇后号”的首航标志着中美贸易的开端。从首次贸易到鸦片战争时期，茶叶始终占据了中美贸易的核心商品地位，且在美国对华贸易商品中所占比例整体呈稳步增长趋势。美国对茶叶的消费需求、经济发展的需要以及华商对美商提供的有利的交易方式等因素促进了中美茶叶贸易的发展，茶叶贸易也给美国早期的发展带来了重大的影响。     

美洲型与欧洲型PRRSV特异N蛋白抗原表位基因表达及其产物的纯化

对原核中以包涵体形式高效表达的美洲型与欧洲型PRRSV特异N蛋白抗原表位区段进行了变性、复性与纯化研究。将美洲型PRRSV重组质粒pGEX-6P-1-N转化入E.coliBL21(DE3)细胞中,成功表达了重组蛋白GST-N,超声裂解复性后目的蛋白经GSTrap FF纯化试剂盒纯化后,纯度可达90%以上。将欧洲型PRRSV重组质粒PQE30-N转化入E.coliM15细胞中表达了重组蛋白His-N。超声裂解后目的蛋白经HisTrapHP蛋白纯化试剂盒纯化后,纯度可达95%以上。Western blot结果表明,两种蛋白分别被美洲型和欧洲型PRRSV阳性血清识别。纯化出的大量美洲型与欧洲型PRRSV特异N蛋白抗原表位区段,为PRRSV的鉴别诊断提供了抗原基础。     

宿主膜联蛋白A2与伪狂犬病病毒US3蛋白互作及其对细胞凋亡的影响

US3蛋白激酶是伪狂犬病病毒（PRV）的一个重要毒力因子,研究显示US3参与了细胞骨架重排、病毒复制和传播、细胞凋亡和干扰素信号通路等多个生物学过程,鉴定新的和US3互作的宿主蛋白对于认识其生物学功能具有重要意义。本研究首先利用免疫共沉淀和pull-down技术验证了US3和宿主膜联蛋白A2（ANXA2）的相互作用;然后利用RNAi技术,通过荧光定量PCR、病毒滴度测定和免疫印迹分析,发现敲低ANXA2的表达显著抑制了PRV在PK-15细胞上的增殖;进一步发现过表达ANXA2可以抑制PRV或者凋亡刺激剂诱导的细胞凋亡,提示ANXA2具有负调控细胞凋亡的作用。本研究进一步完善了可以和US3蛋白互作的宿主蛋白成员,加深了人们对ANXA2生物学功能的理解。     

耦合视角下生产性服务业与智慧农业发展的研究——基于美国的经验与启示

为了推进农业生产性服务业与智慧农业的耦合,进而为我国小农户衔接智慧农业提供桥梁。本文选取美国为典型案例,分析美国生产性服务业与智慧农业耦合发展的模式和措施。采用比较研究法,归纳中美生产性服务业与智慧农业耦合发展的异同。研究表明,美国生产性服务业与智慧农业发展具有服务耦合、产业耦合和利益耦合三种模式,美国为推进其耦合发展而采取了立法保障、信息化建设、农业大数据利用和高素质人才培养等一系列措施。中美两国在智慧农业的高门槛、农业人口流失与老龄化问题、突发性公共卫生危机等方面存在共同点。但与美国相比,中国的生产性服务业与智慧农业之间的关系尚处于并行分离的状态,存在耦合层次较低,创新驱动力不足等问题。因此,为推动生产性服务业与智慧农业耦合发展,提出健全相关配套支持机制、加强大数据平台建设和信息化技术研发、完善农业产业链条和加强专业性人才的培养力度等对策建议。     

美国畜禽屠宰检疫制度介绍

国务院调整畜禽屠宰管理职能后,畜禽屠宰行业由农业部负责管理,生猪屠宰检疫管理制度亟待进一步完善。本文介绍了美国畜禽屠宰检疫的法律依据、管理体制、检疫人员、检疫的内容和程序,以及检疫出证等内容,希望可以为我国屠宰检疫制度建设提供参考。     

深圳市不同城市密度区中环芳烃的发生、来源及生态风险评估

Urbanization may cause increased exposure levels to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) and associated health risks for over half of the world's population living in cities,but little evidence has shown a direct spatial relationship between urbanization and soil PAH pollution.Based on the monitored PAH concentrations in 188 topsoil(0-5 cm) samples in Shenzhen,the most rapidly developing city in China,in recent decades,we applied geographical demarcation to determine the occurrences,source apportionments,and spatial ecological risks of soil PAHs across five zones of varying urban densities.Mean concentrations of the 16 US Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) priority PAHs(Σ_(16)PAHs) and the 7 carcinogenic PAHs(Σ_7CarPAHs) both followed the order:Zone D(60%-80%constructive land density(CLD)) Zone E(80%-100%CLD) Zone C(40%-60%CLD) Zone B(20%-40%CLD) Zone A(0%-20%CLD),suggesting that the highest PAH levels occurred in the suburban-urban center transitional zone(Zone D) rather than the urban center zone(Zone E) in Shenzhen.There were significant correlations of Σ_(16)PAHs to TOC and sampling altitude across all samples but not within highly-urbanized regions(Zones D and E),implying a considerable disturbance of urbanization to the soil PAH pool.Source apportionments suggested that soil PAHs of all zones were mainly derived from fossil fuel combustion,with Zone E showing the highest contribution from oil sources among different zones.Spatial ecological risk analysis showed that the contaminated area(467 km~2;23.9%of total area;toxic equivalency quotients 33 ng g~(-1)) had a higher contribution from the highly-urbanized regions(Zones D and E) than the uncontaminated area(42.3%vs.18.1%).Overall,our study highlighted a strong spatial relationship between urbanization and soil PAH pollution.     

A decision-analytic approach to the optimal allocation of resources for endangered species consultation

The resources available to support conservation work, whether time or money, are limited. Decision makers need methods to help them identify the optimal allocation of limited resources to meet conservation goals, and decision analysis is uniquely suited to assist with the development of such methods. In recent years, a number of case studies have been described that examine optimal conservation decisions under fiscal constraints; here we develop methods to look at other types of constraints, including limited staff and regulatory deadlines. In the US, Section Seven consultation, an important component of protection under the federal Endangered Species Act, requires that federal agencies overseeing projects consult with federal biologists to avoid jeopardizing species. A benefit of consultation is negotiation of project modifications that lessen impacts on species, so staff time allocated to consultation supports conservation. However, some offices have experienced declining staff, potentially reducing the efficacy of consultation. This is true of the US Fish and Wildlife Service’s Washington Fish and Wildlife Office (WFWO) and its consultation work on federally-threatened bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus). To improve effectiveness, WFWO managers needed a tool to help allocate this work to maximize conservation benefits. We used a decision-analytic approach to score projects based on the value of staff time investment, and then identified an optimal decision rule for how scored projects would be allocated across bins, where projects in different bins received different time investments. We found that, given current staff, the optimal decision rule placed 80% of informal consultations (those where expected effects are beneficial, insignificant, or discountable) in a short bin where they would be completed without negotiating changes. The remaining 20% would be placed in a long bin, warranting an investment of seven days, including time for negotiation. For formal consultations (those where expected effects are significant), 82% of projects would be placed in a long bin, with an average time investment of 15 days. The WFWO is using this decision-support tool to help allocate staff time. Because workload allocation decisions are iterative, we describe a monitoring plan designed to increase the tool’s efficacy over time. This work has general application beyond Section Seven consultation, in that it provides a framework for efficient investment of staff time in conservation when such time is limited and when regulatory deadlines prevent an unconstrained approach.     

美引烤烟新品系比较研究

[目的]对13个美国新引进的烤烟(Nicotiana tabacum L.)新品系以K326为对照进行比较试验研究,筛选综合表现较好的美引烤烟新品系。[方法]在云南省烟草农业科学院以K326为对照进行小区比较试验,对参试烤烟新品系的农艺性状、抗病性、经济学性状和质量性状等进行比较和分析。[结果]13份美引烤烟新品系综合性状略优于对照K326或与对照K326相当。[结论]在13份美引烤烟新品系中,NCT6综合表现较好。该研究可为烤烟新品种的引进和推广提供依据。