消费扶贫协同治理研究--基于“制度-结构-过程”分析框架

充分发挥全社会的力量参与到脱贫攻坚战,是解决扶贫工作在“攻城拔寨”冲刺阶段所面临问题的重要路径。尤其是在“中国之治”实践要求之下,要推动正式制度与非正式制度并举,政府逻辑结构向多元主体结构演进,单一化治理过程向综合化治理过程转变。本文基于湖南省湘西州B县消费扶贫,构建“制度—结构—过程”分析框架,梳理B县消费扶贫协同治理的整体路径以及实践推广的逻辑机理。研究发现,B县消费扶贫的协同推进发生在国家正式制度与非正式制度以及现有技术环境之内,多元主体在制度系统中形成互动运作结构,因此,构建分析框架演绎消费扶贫激励约束、宣传引导、资源集聚、过程监管、利益联结与帮扶协同的治理过程。“中国之治”视域下开展消费扶贫协同治理要求构建“制度—结构—过程”分析框架,为贫困地区呈现消费扶贫协同推进的内在机理及其行动指南。     

洞庭湖烂泥湖水系洪涝灾害风险评估与应对措施

近年来,洪涝灾害是全球发生频繁、危害最严重的气象灾害之一,国内不少学者开始对洪涝灾害进行研究,目前对于洞庭湖区洪涝灾害风险的研究较少。采用综合评价法建立模型对洞庭湖区烂泥湖水系洪涝灾害风险进行评估并提出应对策略,结果表明:新泉寺闸内水位和滞涝水面率的不同导致暴雨对烂泥湖水系的影响程度也不同。同时采取提高滞涝水面率和降低内湖水位,基本可以消除一般年份处于高风险的范围,对于减少低风险范围、增加无风险范围效果更为显著;对于平均风险度为高风险的年份,能够消除大部分高风险区域。     

饲料中胆汁酸对红鳍东方鲀脂肪酸组成及抗氧化能力的影响

为研究饲料中添加胆汁酸对红鳍东方鲀脂肪酸组成及抗氧化能力的影响，以鱼油为主要脂肪源，配制五种等氮饲料，以初始体重14g的红鳍东方鲀进行为期56天的投喂养殖实验。设置适宜脂肪含量(8%)的对照组，并在对照组添加0.02%及0.10%的胆汁酸，分别获得低胆汁酸添加组(BA)和高胆汁酸组(HBA)。另设一高脂组(脂肪含量12.5%，HL组)及高脂+0.02%胆汁酸组(HLBA组)。结果表明，添加胆汁酸的处理组肌肉和肝脏MUFA均低于对照组，其中HBA组显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。肌肉中n-6PUFA含量在HLBA和HL组显著低于其他组(P<0.05)。在适宜脂肪含量的三个处理组间，肝脏中的C20:0、C16:1n-7、C18:1n-9、C18:2n-6、C20:4n-6、C18:3n-3、C18:4n-3、C20:5n-3和C22:6n-3都呈现随着胆汁酸添加量增加而降低的趋势。血清超氧化物歧化酶活性和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性都有随着胆汁酸添加而升高的趋势，且在高脂组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)；血清谷胱甘肽还原酶则呈现相反的趋势。肝脏中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶1的mRNA相对表达量在对照组显著高于其他组，而BA组氧化还原酶1的基因表达量显著高于对照组；在高脂组添加胆汁酸显著升高了过氧化氢酶的基因表达量。综上所述，饲料中胆汁酸的添加降低了饲料及鱼体组织中一系列长链脂肪酸的含量；胆汁酸对血清抗氧化蛋白活性的影响与其对肝脏抗氧化相关基因表达的影响结果不一致。     

绵羊Fsp27基因5'-UTR区碱基突变与 尾脂沉积能力的关联性

[目的]明确绵羊脂肪特异蛋白27基因(Fsp27)5'端非编码区(5'-UTR)g.16767527位点和g.16767779-16767780位点突变与其尾脂沉积能力的关联性,为低脂肪绵羊品种选育提供理想的分子标记,提高低脂肪绵羊品种改良选育效率.[方法]以5个不同尾脂沉积能力的绵羊品种为研究对象,包括脂尾型绵羊品种阿勒泰羊,短脂尾型绵羊品种小尾寒羊和湖羊,长瘦尾型绵羊品种中国美利奴细毛羊和萨福克羊,采用PCR-SSCP结合基因测序对绵羊Fsp27基因5'-UTR区碱基突变情况进行检测,并分析相关突变与绵羊尾脂沉积能力的关联性.[结果]绵羊Fsp27基因5'-UTR区g.16767527位点为C/A突变,在所检测的绵羊群体中均存在3种基因型(CC、CA和AA),但在不同尾脂沉积能力绵羊品种群体中的基因型频率存在明显差异:阿勒泰羊群体中以CC基因型为主,基因型频率为0.869;小尾寒羊和湖羊群体中以CA基因型为主,基因型频率分别为0.698和0.628;中国美利奴细毛羊和萨福克羊群体则以AA基因型为主,基因型频率分别为0.616和0.833.g.16767527位点的基因型分布在阿勒泰羊、小尾寒羊和湖羊群体中极显著偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态(PHWE<0.01),在萨福克羊群体中显著偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态(PHWE<0.05).g.16767779-16767780位点为双碱基突变,对应为GG/GG、GG/TC和TC/TC基因型;在尾脂沉积能力强的阿勒泰羊、小尾寒羊和湖羊群体中,g.16767779-16767780位点以TC为优势等位基因,对应的等位基因频率分别为0.862、0.954和0.927;在尾脂沉积能力差的中国美利奴细毛羊和萨福克羊群体中则以GG等位基因为主,其等位基因频率分别为0.980和0.983.这2个位点的突变均对绵羊Fsp27基因5'-UTR区二级结构产生明显影响.[结论]绵羊Fsp27基因5'-UTR区g.16767527位点的C/A突变和g.16767779-16767780位点的GG/TC突变与其尾脂沉积能力密切相关,可作为分子标记应用于低脂肪绵羊品种的辅助选育.     

微流控芯片在农产品安全检测中的应用

近年来,随着食品工业的迅猛发展,国内外食品安全事故也频繁发生。开发安全可靠、便携有效的检测方法对食品安全至关重要。微流控芯片集样品前处理、分离和检测等过程为一体,实现了样品前处理和检测分析的自动化、集成化、小型化、低消耗、高效率和便携化,满足了现场、实时检测的需求。本研究对微流控芯片在食品成分、农药残留、兽药残留、食品添加剂和重金属检测中的应用进行归纳总结,为农产品安全检测提供参考。     

Substitution of chemical fertilizer by Chinese milk vetch improves the sustainability of yield and accumulation of soil organic carbon in a double-rice cropping system

The double-rice cropping system is a very important intensive cropping system for food security in China. There have been few studies of the sustainability of yield and accumulation of soil organic carbon(SOC) in the double-rice cropping system following a partial substitution of chemical fertilizer by Chinese milk vetch(Mv). We conducted a 10-year(2008–2017) field experiment in Nan County, South-Central China, to examine the double-rice productivity and SOC accumulation in a paddy soil in response to different fertilization levels and Mv application(22.5 Mg ha~(–1)). Fertilizer and Mv were applied both individually and in combination(sole chemical fertilizers, Mv plus 100, 80, 60, 40, and 0% of the recommended dose of chemical fertilizers, labeled as F100, MF100, MF80, MF60, MF40, and MF0, respectively). It was found that the grain yields of double-rice crop in treatments receiving Mv were reduced when the dose of chemical fertilizer was reduced, while the change in SOC stock displayed a double peak curve. The MF100 produced the highest double-rice yield and SOC stock, with the value higher by 13.5 and 26.8% than that in the F100. However, the grain yields increased in the MF80(by 8.4% compared to the F100), while the SOC stock only increased by 8.4%. Analogous to the change of grain yield, the sustainable yield index(SYI) of double rice were improved significantly in the MF100 and MF80 compared to the F100, while there was a slight increase in the MF60 and MF40. After a certain amount of Mv input(22.5 Mg ha~(–1)), the carbon sequestration rate was affected by the nutrient input due to the stimulation of microbial biomass. Compared with the MF0, the MF100 and MF40 resulted in a dramatically higher carbon sequestration rate(with the value higher by 71.6 and 70.1%),whereas the MF80 induced a lower carbon sequestration rate with the value lower by 70.1% compared to the MF0. Based on the above results we suggested that Mv could partially replace chemical fertilizers(e.g., 40–60%) to improve or maintain the productivity and sustainability of the double-rice cropping system in South-Central China.     

国家植物博物馆旅游发展战略研究与初步构想

在研究博物馆旅游相关内涵的基础上,系统地阐述了博物馆和旅游的关系,认为博物馆旅游是未来的发展趋势。文中依托国家植物博物馆建设的基本情况,对国家植物博物馆发展旅游具备的政策机遇、游客基数、区位、行业地位、资源、特色等方面的优势及国内没有成熟的经验和成功的案例可借鉴、藏品艺术价值不高等劣势进行分析。提出建立合理的运维机制,处理好馆、库、园一体统筹的关系;按照国家5A级旅游景区标准,高起点、高规格建设;以人为本,强化深度体验;重视人才、科普和营销;与茨坝生物科技特色小镇融合发展,打造云南省“健康生活目的地”示范园区;整合资源,建立旅联体,打造科普文旅融合产业走廊等国家植物博物馆旅游发展的策略及建议。     

芸薹素内酯对稻草基质育秧水稻秧苗生理特性及栽后生长的影响

【目的】筛选出机插水稻基质育秧芸薹素内酯(BR)适宜的施用方法及最佳用量。【方法】以中早39为供试材料,采用稻草基质旱育秧方式,探究BR不同处理方式和浓度对机插早稻秧苗生理特性及栽后生长的影响。【结果】施用BR可以提高秧苗的抗氧化保护酶活性,降低丙二醛含量,增加可溶性蛋白含量、总糖含量及C/N,秧苗根系活力提高了13.24%~48.31%,利于形成抗性强的健壮秧苗;喷施方式对提高秧苗超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活性效果最佳,基施方式对降低秧苗丙二醛含量效果最好。施用适量BR也可促进秧苗机插后长出新叶、新根及返青,喷施方式效果最好;浸种、喷施方式还能增强秧苗机插后20~30 d的单株分蘖力。【结论】播种前和出苗后进行两次适量的BR处理,有利形成壮苗和栽后活棵返青及分蘖,以播前0.15 mg/L浸种和秧苗1叶1心期0.10 mg/L喷施效果为好。     

华南花岗岩侵蚀区不同植被类型坡面土壤有机碳分布和团聚体稳定性

植物是影响土壤有机碳含量和土壤团聚体稳定性的重要因素。选取华南典型花岗岩侵蚀区荒草地、桉树林、湿地松林和木荷林4种植被类型径流小区的土壤为研究对象,分析测定不同坡位、不同土层深度的土壤有机碳特性和团聚体稳定性等指标,评价不同植被类型对土壤养分的分布特性以及团聚体稳定性差异,明确花岗岩侵蚀退化区较为理想的生态恢复措施,旨在为合理利用土壤、重建坡面植被和改善土壤结构提供科学依据。结果表明:土壤总有机碳(TOC)、全氮(TN)和溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量随土层加深逐渐降低,而林地小区土壤碳氮比(C/N)则相反,荒草地碳氮元素的坡面变异系数(CV)显著高于其他3种林地,其中桉树林地TOC、TN、DOC和C/N的坡面分布的变异系数较荒草地分别降低40%,56.18%,68.5%和25.81%;湿地松林地TOC、TN、DOC和C/N的坡面分布的变异系数较荒草地分别降低62.73%,33.71%,46.46%,58.06%;木荷林地TOC、TN、DOC和C/N的坡面分布的变异系数较荒草地分别降低41.82%,38.2%,51.18%,48.39%,表明林地较荒草地更有利于土壤碳氮在坡面的均质化和有机质的积累。荒草地和木荷林地0.25 mm粒径以上的团聚体在上、中坡位的质量分数显著高于其他植被类型,而林下植被生物量较高的木荷林地的平均质量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)显著高于其他植被类型。其中木荷小区水稳性团聚体平均质量直径(MWD)较荒草地、桉树和湿地松分别高20.10%,19.58%,23.20%;几何平均直径(GMD)较荒草地、桉树和湿地松分别高20.00%,19.54%,22.23%,表明在花岗岩侵蚀区林地空间结构较好的林草模式有利于土壤有机碳的积累和土壤结构的稳定。     

Screening of antagonistic Trichoderma strains and their application for controlling stalk rot in maize

Maize is one of the major crops in China, but maize stalk rot occurs nationwide and has become one of the major challenges in maize production in China. In order to find an environment-friendly and feasible technology to control this disease, a Trichoderma-based biocontrol agent was selected. Forty-eight strains with various inhibition activities to Fusarium graminearum, and Fusarium verticillioides were tested. A group of Trichoderma strains(DLY31, SG3403, DLY1303 and GDFS1009) were found to provide an inhibition rate to pathogen growth in vitro of over 70%. These strains also prevented pathogen infection over 65% and promoted the maize seedling growth for the main root in vivo by over 50%. Due to its advantage in antifungal activity against pathogens and promotion activity to maize, Trichoderma asperellum GDSF1009 was selected as the most promising strain of the biocontrol agent in the Trichoderma spectrum. Pot experiments showed that the Trichoderma agent at 2–3 g/pot could achieve the best control of seedling stalk rot and promotion of maize seedling growth. In the field experiments, 8–10 g/hole was able to achieve over 65% control to stalk rot, and yield increased by 2–11%. In the case of natural morbidity, the control efficiency ranged from 27.23 to 48.84%, and the rate of yield increase reached 11.70%, with a dosage of Trichoderma granules at 75 kg ha~(-1). Based on these results, we concluded that the Trichoderma agent is a promising biocontrol approach to stalk rot in maize.