Management of rice straw with relay cropping of Chinese milk vetch improved double-rice cropping system production in southern China

Improved utilization of rice(Oryza sativa L.) straw and Chinese milk vetch(Astragalus sinicus L., vetch) has positive effects on rice production. So far, few studies have investigated the productivity of vetch under different residue management practices in double-rice cropping system. The effects of rice straw on the growth and nutrient accumulation of vetch across seven years(2011–2017) and the subsequent effects of rice straw and vetch on two succeeding rice crops in a vetch–rice–rice cropping system, with the vetch established by relay cropping, were examined. The seven-year double-rice experiment consisted of the following treatments:(1) 100% chemical fertilizer(F-F100);(2) only vetch without chemical fertilizer(M-Con);(3) 80% chemical fertilizer plus vetch plus a low-cutting height(low-retained stubble) with the removal of straw(M-F80);(4) 80% chemical fertilizer plus vetch plus a low-cutting height with the retention of straw(M-F80-LR);(5) 80% chemical fertilizer plus vetch plus a high-cutting height(high-retained stubble) with the retention of straw(M-F80-HR); and(6) no fertilizer(F-Con). The yields of the two rice crops after vetch were not affected by either the cutting height of stubble with retention of straw or by the management of straw(retention vs. removal) with low-cutting height of stubble. The yields of the two rice crops after vetch were significantly higher for M-F80-HR than for M-F80-LR, but the relative contributions of the high-cutting height and straw retention to the higher rice yield could not be determined in this study. The yield stability of the double-rice grain in M-F80-HR was also increased, as determined by a sustainable yield index. Significant increases in vetch biomass and nutrient uptake were observed in the fertilized treatments during the rice season compared with the unfertilized treatments. In M-F80-HR plots, improvements in the growing environment of the vetch by conserving soil water content were associated with the highest vetch biomass, nutrient uptake, and yield stability of vetch biomass. These increased nutrient inputs partially replaced the demand for chemical fertilizer and stimulated the rice yields. It can be concluded that retaining higher-cutting stubble residues with straw retention could be the best straw management practice for increasing the vetch biomass and nutrient use efficiency, thereby allowing utilization of high-cutting height with retention of straw and vetch to improve the stability of rice productivity in a double-rice cropping system.     

猪粪化肥配施对双季稻稻田土壤活性碳氮含量及水稻产量的影响

以湖南省长沙典型红壤性水稻土为对象,采用田间定位试验,设置了不施氮(CK)、常规氮肥减半(50%N)、常规全量氮肥(100%N)、猪粪替代50%氮肥(50%N+PM)四个氮肥处理,研究猪粪部分替代化学氮肥对双季稻田土壤活性碳氮含量和水稻产量的影响。2012年结果表明,在早稻整个生长期和晚稻孕穗期以前,50%N+PM与100%N处理相比,其对土壤NH4+-N含量无明显影响,而在晚稻完熟期,50%N+PM处理土壤NH4+-N含量增加了65%。50%N+PM处理在早稻移栽期、晚稻孕穗期、早稻晚稻乳熟期和完熟期较100%N处理显著提高了土壤可溶性有机氮(DON)含量,增幅在50%-102%之间。在整个水稻季,50%N+PM处理与100%N处理相比,提高了土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)和微生物生物量氮(MBM)含量,提高幅度为21.5%-22.8%和5.3%-7.1%,而对水稻产量差异不显著,但明显高于50%N和CK处理。与CK处理相比,猪粪化肥配施和100%N处理的年产量分别提高了47.0%和32.9%。表明猪粪化肥合理配施可以维持水稻产量和土壤无机氮水平,同时可提高土壤微生物生物量碳和微生物生物量氮,改善土壤肥力。     

有机无机肥配施比例对红壤稻田水稻产量和土壤肥力的影响

 【目的】综合评价中国南方双季稻地区化肥有机肥配合施用下水稻产量及土壤肥力效应。【方法】在江西双季稻区进行连续25年的田间定位试验,比较不施肥（CK）、施用化肥（NPK）、等养分条件下70%化肥配合施用30%有机肥（70F＋30M）、50%化肥配合施用50%有机肥（50F＋50M）、30%化肥配合施用70%有机肥（30F＋70M）的水稻产量和土壤肥力变化。【结果】有机无机肥配施,早晚稻平均产量比不施肥（CK）增产幅度为65.4%－71.5%（P＜0.05）,比施化肥（NPK）增产幅度为3.9%－7.8%（P＜0.05）,其中,以30F+70M处理产量最高,年产量达 12 346.90 kg?hm-2。高量有机肥配施处理与化肥处理、低量有机肥配施处理的产量差均呈逐步增加趋势。对土壤肥力的研究表明,长期不施肥会降低土壤肥力,长期平衡单施化肥（NPK）具有明显培肥地力的作用,有机无机肥配施培肥地力作用更明显。【结论】红壤稻田系统的增产和稳产性能均以有机无机肥配施最好,高量有机肥更有利于稻田持续增产,有利于红壤稻田土壤培肥。     

Soil carbon sequestration under long-term rice-based cropping systems of purple soil in Southwest China

Carbon sequestration in agricultural soils is a complex process controlled by farming practices, climate and some other environment factors. Since purple soils are unique in China and used as the main cropland in Sichuan Basin of China, it is of great importance to study and understand the impacts of different fertilizer amendments on soil organic carbon(SOC) changes with time. A research was carried out to investigate the relationship between soil carbon sequestration and organic carbon input as affected by different fertilizer treatments at two long-term rice-based cropping system experiments set up in early 1980 s. Each experiment consisted of six identical treatments, including(1) no fertilizer(CK),(2) nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers(NP),(3) nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers(NPK),(4) fresh pig manure(M),(5) nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers plus manure(MNP), and(6) nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers plus manure(MNPK). The results showed that annual harvestable carbon biomass was the highest in the treatment of MNPK, followed by MNP and NPK, then M and NP, and the lowest in CK. Most of fertilizer treatments resulted in a significant gain in SOC ranging from 6.48 to 2 9.13% compared with the CK, and raised soil carbon sequestration rate to 0.10–0.53 t ha–1 yr-1. Especially, addition of manure on the basis of mineral fertilizers was very conducive to SOC maintenance in this soil. SOC content and soil carbon sequestration rate under balanced fertilizer treatments(NPK and MNPK) in the calcareous purple soil(Suining) were higher than that in the acid purple soil(Leshan). But carbon conversion rate at Leshan was 11.00%, almost 1.5 times of that(7.80%) at Suining. Significant linear correlations between soil carbon sequestration and carbon input were observed at both sites, signifying that the purple soil was not carbon-saturated and still had considerable potential to se questrate more carbon.     

Tillage,crop residue,and nutrient management effects on soil organic carbon in rice-based cropping systems:A review

Soil organic carbon(SOC) sequestration is one of the major agricultural strategies to mitigate greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions,enhance food security,and improve agricultural sustainability.This paper synthesizes the much-needed stateof-knowledge on the effects of tillage,crop residue,and nutrient management practices on SOC sequestration and identifies potential research gap,opportunities,and challenges in studying SOC dynamics in rice(Oryza sativa L.)-based cropping systems in South Asia,mainly in Bangladesh,Bhutan,India,Nepal,Pakistan,and Sri Lanka.Improved management practices such as reduced- and no-tillage management,nitrogen(N) fertilizer and farmyard manure(FYM) application,and crop residue addition can improve SOC accumulation.Positive effects of no-tillage,crop residue addition,N addition through manure or compost application,and integration of organic and chemical fertilizers on SOC accumulation in rice-based cropping systems have been documented from South Asia.However,limited data and enormous discrepancies in SOC measurements across the region exist as the greatest challenge in increasing SOC sequestration and improving agricultural sustainability.More research on SOC as influenced by alternative tillage,crop residue,and nutrient management systems,and development of SOC monitoring system for existing long-term experiments will advance our understanding of the SOC dynamics in rice-based cropping systems and improve agricultural system sustainability in South Asia.     

不同农作管理措施对东北地区农田土壤有机碳未来变化的模拟研究

【目的】研究与探索不同农作管理措施对东北农业土壤有机碳的影响,为东北地区高产高效低碳农业及可持续发展提供科学依据。【方法】不同农作管理措施能够影响土壤有机碳（soil organic carbon,SOC）的未来变化,该研究基于东北地区4个长期定位试验站点（黑龙江省哈尔滨站点、吉林省公主岭站点、吉林省德惠站点、辽宁省沈阳站点）的试验数据,用站点的实测作物产量和SOC双标准对DAYCENT模型进行校验。DAYCENT模型调整的相关参数包括作物参数、耕作方式参数、施肥参数、收获参数和有机肥参数等,在对所选试验站点的长期定位试验结果校验后,利用已校验的各项参数,对模型模拟情况进行验证,发现模型模拟值与实测值吻合良好,表明DAYCENT模型适用于这4个地区的作物产量和SOC模拟,可以较好地模拟SOC的动态变化。进而研究在未来气候变化情景下（representative concentration pathway 4.5,RCP 4.5）,用校验了的DAYCENT模型对这4个站点在4种不同管理情景（施用化肥、增施有机肥、秸秆还田、免耕）下的SOC变化情况进行模拟。【结果】模拟结果显示,对于哈尔滨站点,采用有机肥和氮磷钾化肥配施处理（MNPK）在短时间内使SOC升高较快,而从长远来看,配施低量有机肥与单施用化肥对SOC增加的斜率基本一致,但由于化肥和有机肥配施（MNPK）处理的初始SOC含量高,其SOC未来含量的绝对值也比较高;对于德惠站点,虽然短时间内,免耕处理SOC低于常耕处理,但长期看来,免耕更有利于增加SOC,其SOC涨幅逐渐高于常耕处理,40年间相对增加了11.88%;公主岭站点有机肥氮磷钾化肥配施和氮磷钾化肥结合秸秆还田措施较单施化肥可显著提高农田SOC;沈阳站点的未来有机碳模拟发现,在单施化肥情况下,未来的42年内SOC呈略微下降趋势,相对降低2.83%,从长远看来,单施化肥并不能使该地区SOC增加,因此,可以考虑采用有机肥和氮磷钾化肥配施等措施来提高该地区的农田SOC。【结论】DAYCENT模型可以有效地模拟作物产量和土壤有机碳的动态变化,模型适应性较强,同时DAYCENT模型可用于模拟站点未来SOC的动态变化。在东北地区农田土壤管理方面,可通过合理的有机肥化肥配施、推广免耕和秸秆还田技术来固定土壤碳,最终达到提高土壤有机碳库和促进农业可持续发展的目标。     

减量化肥配施紫云英对稻田土壤碳、氮的影响

以11 a(2008—2018年)长期定位试验为对象,研究了减施40%化肥下紫云英不同翻压量对双季稻产量及土壤活性有机碳、氮(DOC+MBC、DON+MBN)的影响,以探讨紫云英替代化肥的可行性和适宜翻压量。试验设置CK(不施紫云英和化肥)、GM_(22.5)(单施紫云英22.5 t·hm~(-2))、100%CF(常规施肥)和减施40%化肥(60%CF)条件下将紫云英翻压量设为15、22.5、30、37.5 t·hm~(-2)4个水平,共7个处理。于2018年晚稻收获后采集土壤样品,分析土壤微生物量碳、氮(MBC、MBN)和可溶性有机碳、氮(DOC、DON)。结果表明:与常规施肥相比,减施40%化肥下各紫云英不同翻压量处理早稻及全年两季稻谷产量持平或略有增加,且均随紫云英翻压量增多而提高。紫云英翻压量为15～30 t·hm~(-2)时,晚稻稻谷产量随紫云英翻压量的增多而提高,当紫云英翻压量多于30 t·hm~(-2)时,则呈下降趋势。除翻压紫云英15 t·hm~(-2)外,其他紫云英与化肥配施处理晚稻稻谷产量与常规施肥相比无显著差异;与常规施肥相比,紫云英与化肥配施均不同程度地提高了土壤MBC、MBN、DOC、DON含量。紫云英翻压量为15～22.5 t·hm~(-2)时,土壤MBC、MBN、DOC、DON均随紫云英翻压量增加而增加,当翻压量多于22.5 t·hm~(-2)时呈下降趋势;MBC/SOC和MBN/TN均随紫云英翻压量的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,MBC/SOC在60%CF+GM_(22.5)处理最高,MBN/TN以60%CF+GM_(30)处理最高。DOC/SOC和DON/TN均在60%CF+GM_(15)处理最高;相关分析结果表明,土壤MBC、MBN、DOC、DON、DOC+MBC、DON+MBN与土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。土壤各活性有机碳、氮与早、晚稻及全年两季稻谷产量均呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。综合考虑双季稻的产量效应及土壤培肥效果,在本试验条件下或与该试验区域气候特点和种植制度类似的南方水稻主产区,在减少40%化肥条件下,紫云英翻压22.5～30 t·hm~(-2)较为适宜。     

长期施肥对红壤性水稻土有机碳矿化的影响

【目的】土壤有机碳矿化是土壤中重要的生物化学过程,与土壤养分释放、土壤质量保持以及温室效应密切相关。揭示稻田生态系统在长期施肥下土壤有机碳固存与矿化特征,旨在正确评价施肥对全球气候变化的影响。【方法】本研究以33年长期定位试验为依托,对红壤性水稻土土壤有机碳累积及矿化动力学特征等进行系统研究。长期定位试验始于1984年,选取其中5个处理：不施肥处理（CK）,施氮磷钾化肥处理（NPK）,施70%化肥+30%有机肥处理（70F+30M）,施50%化肥+50%有机肥处理（50F+50M）,施30%化肥+70%有机肥处理（30F+70M）,于 2017 年早稻种植前采集耕层 （0—20 cm） 土壤样品,采用室内培养方法,测定土壤碳矿化释放 CO₂-C量和速率等,并采用一级动力学方程拟合土壤潜在可矿化有机碳量（C₀）、易矿化有机碳量（C₁）和周转速率常数等。【结果】各施肥处理均不同程度地提高了土壤总有机碳含量,NPK处理有机碳含量显著高于CK,较CK提高了27.32%。化肥配施有机肥处理（70F+30M、50F+50M 和30F+70M）土壤有机碳显著高于NPK处理（P<0.05）,平均较NPK处理提高了31.31%,以50F+50M和30F+70M处理较为显著。各处理有机碳矿化速率均在培养后的第1天达到峰值且差异显著,排序为50F+50M>30F+70M>70F+30M>NPK>CK,随后下降,11 d之后趋于稳定,稳定后各处理的土壤有机碳矿化速率大小排序为：30F+70M>50F+50M>70F+30M>NPK≈CK。在整个培养期,土壤有机碳矿化速率与培养时间呈对数曲线关系。培养35 d结束后,NPK处理较CK未能显著改变土壤有机碳累积矿化量（P>0.05）,70F+30M、50F+50M和30F+70M处理土壤有机碳累积矿化量显著高于NPK处理（P<0.05）,分别较NPK提高了50.99%、70.85%和86.39%。各处理土壤有机碳累积矿化率（累积矿化量占有机碳总量的比率）变化范围为3%—4%,30F+70M处理显著高于NPK处理（P<0.05）。施肥处理均不同程度地提高了土壤潜在可矿化有机碳量,以30F+70M处理最高,较NPK提高了1.19倍。不同施肥处理较不施肥均未明显改变土壤有机碳周转速率及半周转期。土壤潜在可矿化有机碳量（C₀）、易矿化有机碳量（C₁）、累积矿化量及累积矿化率均显著受土壤有机碳含量及投入碳量的影响,且呈现正相关关系。土壤潜在可矿化有机碳量（C₀）/土壤有机碳比值与所投入碳量呈现显著正相关（P<0.05）;土壤有机碳的周转速率常数（k）与土壤有机碳及投入碳量均未呈现显著性相关性。【结论】长期化肥配施有机肥可有效提高红壤性水稻土有机碳的矿化速率及促进有机碳的积累,并未显著改变土壤有机碳的矿化率,有利于红壤性水稻土的养分供应及固碳。     

基于秸秆全量还田的不同耕作方法下稻麦生产的碳效率及收益评估

为探明江苏稻麦轮作农业的固碳减排效应,本研究以江苏沿江地区稻麦两熟田块为研究对象,利用基于秸秆全量还田的不同耕作方法下（麦稻宽行交互保护性耕作技术模式和稻麦周年机械化耕作方式）作物产量、系统物质投入以及人工投入等资料,估算稻麦生产的碳投入、碳产出、碳效率以及经济收益。结果表明：保护性耕作方式和机械化耕作方式下稻麦轮作系统年度碳投入总量分别为1836.5 kg/hm2和2290.5 kg/hm2,保护性耕作的种子、化肥以及机械的碳投入较低,但劳动力碳投入高于机械化耕作方式。两种耕作方式的年度碳产出总量分别为18.23 t/hm2和16.15 t/hm2,保护性耕作较机械化耕作增加了12.9%。年度的碳效率在两者之间也存在差异,保护性耕作的生产效率、生态效率以及经济效率分别较机械耕作提高了40.4%,40.8%和40.3%。另外,保护性耕作的年度纯收益为20.25×103 yuan/hm2,较机械化耕作增加了22.8%。说明秸秆全量还田下采取保护性耕作方法既可以提高碳效率也能增加经济收益,取得环境效益和经济效益的双赢。     

长期绿肥利用下红壤性水稻土有机碳和可溶性有机碳的垂直分布特征

为了探讨长期绿肥翻压对红壤性水稻土有机碳(SOC)和可溶性有机碳(DOC)垂直分布的影响,利用在江西丰城水稻田进行了8 a的长期定位试验,研究了不施肥不种植绿肥(CK)、不施肥种植绿肥(M)、施用化肥(F)和施用化肥并种植绿肥(F+M)4个处理下土壤SOC和DOC的垂直分布特征,以及SOC和DOC的计量关系。结果表明,早稻和晚稻季土壤SOC和DOC含量随深度变化可以用S函数描述,拟合曲线的决定系数分别为0.928~0.966和0.876~0.975,均达到极显著(P<0.01)水平。施用化肥或绿肥还田(F、M和F+M处理)主要影响了表层(0~20 cm)土壤的SOC和DOC,20 cm以下土层各处理的SOC和DOC差异不显著。绿肥还田(F+M和M处理)显著(P<0.05)提高了表层土壤的SOC和DOC,而化肥处理(F)仅显著(P<0.05)提高了表层土壤的SOC。与CK相比,M、F、F+M处理的早稻季表层土壤SOC含量分别显著(P<0.05)提高了51.1%、80.9%、92.8%,M、F+M处理的早稻季表层土壤DOC含量分别显著(P<0.05)提高了12.9%、46.2%,M、F、F+M处理的晚稻季表层土壤SOC和DOC含量分别显著(P<0.05)提高了66.6%、81.3%、81.2%和37.1%、10.8%、45.2%。表层土壤DOC含量随SOC呈线性增长,晚稻季DOC随SOC增长率要高于早稻季。施肥降低了土壤DOC/SOC,但施用绿肥减缓了DOC/SOC下降。可见,绿肥不仅有利于土壤有机碳提高,同时有利于土壤有机碳生态功能的稳定。     

稻麦轮作下紫色土有机碳活性及其对长期不同施肥的响应

【目的】研究稻麦轮作系统中紫色土总有机碳、活性有机碳和活性有机碳不同组分的变化特征及其对长期不同施肥措施的响应,揭示稻麦轮作系统长期不同施肥管理下有机碳质量和内在组成的变化。【方法】采集22年长期定位试验不施肥(CK)、单施化学氮肥(N)、化肥氮磷钾配施(NPK)、化肥氮磷钾+秸秆还田(NPKS)、高量化肥氮磷钾+等量秸秆还田(1.5NPKS)和化肥氮磷钾+厩肥(NPKM)处理0—20、20—40、40—60 cm土层的土壤,测定了总有机碳、活性有机碳及其不同活性组分的含量,计算土壤碳库管理指数和不同活性组分的分配比例,分析了活性有机碳及其各组分与总有机碳的关系。【结果】长期不同施肥显著影响了各土层总有机碳和活性有机碳含量,与不施肥相比,所有施肥处理均维持或提高了土壤总有机碳、活性有机碳含量和碳库管理指数,其中化肥氮磷钾+秸秆还田(NPKS)处理0—20、20—40和40—60 cm土层总有机碳含量分别提高32.5%、25.7%和5.3%,活性有机碳含量提高37.0%、44.7%和9.3%,碳库管理指数提高38%、49%和9%,其提升幅度高于其他施肥处理。长期不同施肥显著提高了各土层高、中、低活性有机碳含量,有机无机肥配施处理(NPKS、1.5NPKS、NPKM)提升效果高于单施化肥处理(NPK、N);但施肥对各活性组分占活性有机碳比例的影响较小,并没有改变各活性组分的分布格局。土壤活性有机碳及其高、中、低活性组分的含量与土壤深度有关,0—20 cm耕层土壤活性有机碳及高、中、低活性组分的含量均高于20—40和40—60 cm土层。不同土层高、中、低组分占活性有机碳的比例也存在较大差异,0—20 cm土层高、中、低活性组分占活性有机碳的比例平均为23.6%、35.6%和40.7%;下层土壤各活性组分的含量均下降,其中20—40 cm土层低活性组分下降程度较大,导致其占活性有机碳的比例下降至24.7%,而高活性和中活性组分的比例增加至30.5%和44.8%。土壤活性有机碳及其各组分与总有机碳含量呈显著线性正相关,表明土壤活性有机碳可以较好地反映总有机碳变化。【结论】稻麦轮作条件下,长期不同施肥可维持或提高土壤总有机碳、活性有机碳及其不同组分的含量,提高土壤碳库管理指数,氮磷钾肥配合秸秆还田总体提升效果较好,是促进土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳累积、改善土壤有机碳质量的推荐施肥措施。     

Chemical fertilizers could be completely replaced by manure to maintain high maize yield and soil organic carbon(SOC)when SOC reaches a threshold in the Northeast China Plain

The combined use of chemical and organic fertilizers is considered a good method to sustain high crop yield and enhance soil organic carbon(SOC),but it is still unclear when and to what extent chemical fertilizers could be replaced by organic fertilizers.We selected a long-term soil fertility experiment in Gongzhuling,Northeast China Plain to examine the temporal dynamics of crop yield and SOC in response to chemical nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium(NPK) fertilizers and manure,applied both individually and in combination,over the course of three decades(1980-2010).We aimed to test 1) which fertilizer application is the best for increasing both maize yield and SOC in this region,and 2) whether chemical fertilizers can be replaced by manure to maintain high maize yield and enhance SOC,and if so,when this replacement should be implemented.We observed that NPK fertilizers induced a considerable increase in maize yield in the first 12 years after the initiation of the experiment,but manure addition did not.In the following years,the addition of both NPK fertilizers and manure led to an increase in maize yield.SOC increased considerably in treatments with manure but remained the same or even declined with NPK treatments.The increase in maize yield induced by NPK fertilizers alone declined greatly with increasing SOC,whereas the combination of NPK and manure resulted in high maize yield and a remarkable improvement in SOC stock.Based on these results we suggested that NPK fertilizers could be at least partially replaced by manure to sustain high maize yield after SOC stock has reached 41.96 Mg C ha~(-1) in the Northeast China Plain and highly recommend the combined application of chemical fertilizers and manure(i.e.,60 Mg ha~(-1)).     

长期施用有机物料对稻田生态系统服务功能的影响

基于长期定位试验,测定稻田温室气体排放通量、土壤和糙米重金属、淋溶水中氮磷含量,收集整理水稻产量和土壤肥力长期数据,以研究长期施用有机物料对稻田生态系统服务功能的影响。选择净经济效益(NEB)作为生态系统服务功能的评价指标。研究结果表明:与单施化肥(F)相比,长期施用猪粪(FM)显著提高土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷和有效磷含量,秸秆还田(FS)显著提高土壤有机碳和速效钾,提高了全氮、全磷、速效氮和全钾,但差异不显著,说明长期施用有机物料可提高土壤肥力;FM和FS提高水稻平均产量分别达4.1%和4.3%;FS和FM显著增加CH_4累积排放量,减少N_2O排放,但差异不显著;FM和FS提高土壤有机碳固存率。与F和FS相比,FM降低了淋溶水中氮淋溶量,但显著增加了田面水磷含量和20 cm深淋溶水磷淋溶量,而对60 cm和80 cm深淋溶水磷淋溶量没有影响;FM显著提高土壤Zn、Cu和Cd含量,所有处理重金属含量均没有超过土壤环境质量二级标准,FM没有引起水稻糙米中重金属含量的累积。与F相比,FM增加NEB 5.2%,达到1 056.8元·hm~(-2)。上述结果表明,20年尺度下,施用猪粪对稻田生态系统服务功能的正面影响远大于其所带来的负面影响,但随着猪粪施用时间的延长其负面效应可能进一步扩大,应引起重视。     

Changes in soil organic carbon pools following long-term fertilization under a rain-fed cropping system in the Loess Plateau,China

Understanding the mechanism of soil organic carbon(SOC) sequestration is of paramount importance in sustaining crop productivity and mitigating climate change. Long-term trials were employed to investigate the responses of total SOC and its pools, i.e., mineral-associated OC(MOC), particulate OC(POC, containing Light-POC and Heavy-POC), to fertilization regimes at Yangling(25-year), Tianshui(35-year) and Pingliang(37-year) under a rain-fed cropping system in the Loess Plateau. The fertilization regimes in each trial included three treatments, i.e., control(no nutrient input, CK), chemical fertilizers(CF), and organic manure plus chemical fertilizers(MCF). Relative to the CK, long-term fertilization appreciably increased SOC storage by 134, 89 and 129 kg ha~(–1) yr~(–1) under CF, and 418, 153 and 384 kg ha~(–1) yr~(–1) under MCF in plough layer soils(0–20 cm), respectively, at the Yangling, Tianshui and Pingliang sites. The MOC pools accounted for 72, 67 and 64% of the total SOC at the above three sites with sequestration rates of 76, 57 and 83 kg ha~(–1) yr~(–1) under CF and 238, 118 and 156 kg ha~(–1) yr~(–1) under MCF, respectively. Moreover, the MOC pool displayed a saturation behavior under MCF conditions. The POC accordingly constituted 27, 33 and 36% of SOC, of which Light-POC accounted for 11, 17 and 22% and Heavy-POC for 17, 16 and 15% of SOC, respectively. The sequestration rates of POC were 58, 32 and 46 kg ha~(–1) yr~(–1) under CF, and 181, 90 and 228 kg ha~(–1) yr~(–1) under MCF at the three respective sites, in which Light-POC explained 59, 81 and 72% of POC under CF, and 60, 40 and 69% of POC under MCF, with Heavy-POC accounting for the balance. Compared with CK, the application of CF alone did not affect the proportions of MOC or total POC to SOC, whereas MCF application markedly reduced the proportion of MOC and increased the POC ratio, mainly in the Light-POC pool. The distribution of SOC among different pools was closely related to the distribution and stability of aggregates. The present study confirmed that organic manure amendment not only sequestered more SOC but also significantly altered the composition of SOC, thus improving SOC quality, which is possibly related to the SOC saturation level.     

基于AMMI模型评价长期定位施肥对双季稻总产量稳定性的影响

【目的】研究长期不同施肥对双季稻产量演变和稳定性的影响。【方法】以25年定位施肥试验为平台,采用AMMI模型对影响双季稻总产量稳定性的施肥处理、环境和二者互作进行分析。【结果】（1）施肥处理与环境互作（F×E）平方和占方差分析总平方和的9.78%,达到了极显著差异水平（P＜0.01）,AMMI模型的交互效应主成分（IPCA）前三项累计解释了88.46%的互作平方和,其稳定性参数（Di值）与Shukla变异系数和变异系数的相关系数分别为0.97和0.83,均达到了极显著相关。（2）均衡施化肥可以有效提高双季稻产量和产量稳定性,在等量养分条件下配施有机肥进一步提高了其产量和产量稳定性,其中在产量方面,配施30%、50%和70%有机肥处理较均衡施化肥处理（NPK）分别提高6.15%、3.88%和7.75%;在稳定性方面,分别提高25.91%、59.78%和29.31%。【结论】AMMI模型很好地解释了施肥处理与环境的互作效应,是评价长期施肥条件下双季稻产量稳定性的有效方法。根据分析结果得出,有机无机肥配施是该区域双季稻高产和稳产的最佳施肥措施,其中等比例配施有机无机肥在产量相对较高的条件下（与均衡施化肥处理相比）稳定性最好;30%有机肥配施70%化肥和70%有机肥配施30%化肥两个处理在稳定性相对较好的情况下产量最高、适应性最强。     

河西边缘绿洲荒漠沙地开垦后土壤性状演变及土壤碳积累研究

【目的】土壤养分变化及碳积累过程是评价绿洲农田生态系统结构、功能和生产力演化的重要指标。本研究的目的是通过了解西北干旱区自然荒漠开垦为灌溉农田后该指标的变化,揭示干旱区新垦农田土壤发育及演变规律,为新垦沙地持续利用提供指导。【方法】选择河西走廊中段临泽边缘绿洲0—46年开垦时间序列的沙地农田,取样分析0—60 cm土壤剖面的物理、化学性状变化及碳积累特征,通过比较2008年与2014年的耕层土壤(0—20 cm)测定结果,分析近几年土壤性状的变化。【结果】耕层土壤砂粒含量随开垦利用年限的增加而逐渐降低,但显著的变化发生在开垦16年后的农田,且最近10年土壤粒级组成变化不明显;在沙地开垦后的最初20年,耕层土壤有机碳(SOC)及全氮含量呈线性增加,20年后增加趋势减缓。开垦46年后,SOC、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷含量分别增加了9.0倍、6.3倍、6.3倍和13.5倍,耕层土壤无机碳(SIC)含量增加了77.1%;速效钾随开垦年限的增加呈先降低而后增加的趋势。20—40 cm和40—60 cm土层SOC及氮、磷、钾养分含量随开垦年限延长而逐渐增加,但变化幅度小于耕层土壤。2008—2014年的6年间,不同开垦年限的同一地块耕层土壤粒级组成未发生变化,但SOC及氮、磷、钾养分有明显的积累。沙地开垦46年后0—60 cm土层SOC、SIC和全碳的年平均固存量分别为0.75、0.79和1.47 kg·hm-2·a-1;SOC的积累主要发生在0—20 cm耕作层,而SIC的积累在40—60 cm土层。荒漠沙地转变为灌溉农田后有巨大的碳固存潜力;土壤黏粉粒增加对SOC及养分的积累和保持起重要作用。【结论】沙地开垦为灌溉农田后,随利用年限的增加,土壤肥力显著改善,但开垦46年后土壤肥力仍处于较低水平。对新垦沙地农田,要实现土地可持续利用和生产力持续提高,须采取提升土壤肥力水平的农田管理措施。     

Effects of Organic Manure Application with Chemical Fertilizers on Nutrient Absorption and Yield of Rice in Hunan of Southern China

To evaluate the effect of organic manure application with chemical fertilizers on rice yield and soil fertility under long-term double-rice cropping system, a six year field experiment was conducted continually in the paddy soil derived from Quaternary red clay in Hunan Province of southern China. Four different treatments, i.e., no nitrogen with chemical P and K （PK）, swine manure only （M）, N, P and K chemical fertilizers only （NPK）, and half chemical fertilizers combined with half swine manure （NPKM） with four replications were included. Each N, P and K application rate was the same at all the treatments （except the N application rate at PK） and N application rate was 150 kg N ha^-1. All fertilizers were applied to soil tillage layer with once application as baseal fertilizers. The nutrients uptake rate, grain yield, nitrogen use efficiency, and soil organic matter content at each treatment were investigated. The NPKM treatment achieved the highest mean annual yield of 12.2 t ha^-1 （68% higher than that of PK）. Higher dry matter accumulation and nutrients absorption were observed during the middle-late growth period in the NPKM treatment, with higher panicle number per unit and filled-grain number per panicle. Its average nitrogen use efficiency was 36.3% and soil organic matter increased by 18.5% during the experimental period in the NPKM treatment, which were significantly higher than those in the NPK treatment. Organic manure application with chemical fertilizers increased the yield and nitrogen use efficiency of rice, reduced the risk of environmental pollution and improved soil fertility greatly. It could be a good practical technique that protects the environment and raises the rice yield in this region.     

Modeling the Impacts of Soil Organic Carbon Content of Croplands on Crop Yields in China

This study quantified the impacts of soil organic carbon （SOC） content on the grain yield of crops using a biogeochemical model （DNDC, denitrification-decomposition）. Data on climate, soil properties, and farming management regimes of cropping systems were collected from six typical agricultural zones （northeast, north, northwest, mid-south, east and southwest regions of China, respectively） and integrated into a GIS database to support the model runs. According to the model, if the initial SOC content in the cropland was increased by 1 g C kg^-1, the crop yield may be increased by 176 kg ha^-1 for maize in the northeast region, 454 kg ha^-1 for a maize-wheat rotation in the north region, 328 kg ha^-1 for maize in the northwest region, 185 kg ha^-1 for single-rice in the mid-south region, 266 kg ha^-1 for double-rice in east region, and 229 kg ha^-1 for rice and wheat rotation in southwest region. There is a great potential for enhancing the crop yield by improving the SOC content in each region of China.     

Soil organic carbon dynamics and crop yield for different crop rotations in a degraded ferruginous tropical soil in a semi-arid region: a simulation approach

In recent years, simulation models have been used as a complementary tool for research and for quantifying soil carbon sequestration under widely varying conditions. This has improved the understanding and prediction of soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics and crop yield responses to soil and climate conditions and crop management scenarios. The goal of the present study was to estimate the changes in SOC for different cropping systems in West Africa using a simulation model. A crop rotation experiment conducted in Farak?-Ba, Burkina Faso was used to evaluate the performance of the cropping system model (CSM) of the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) for simulating yield of different crops. Eight crop rotations that included cotton, sorghum, peanut, maize and fallow, and three different management scenarios, one without N (control), one with chemical fertilizer (N) and one with manure applications, were studied. The CSM was able to simulate the yield trends of various crops, with inconsistencies for a few years. The simulated SOC increased slightly across the years for the sorghum-fallow rotation with manure application. However, SOC decreased for all other rotations except for the continuous fallow (native grassland), in which the SOC remained stable. The model simulated SOC for the continuous fallow system with a high degree of accuracy normalized root mean square error (RMSE)=0·001, while for the other crop rotations the simulated SOC values were generally within the standard deviation (s.d.) range of the observed data. The crop rotations that included a supplemental N-fertilizer or manure application showed an increase in the average simulated aboveground biomass for all crops. The incorporation of this biomass into the soil after harvest reduced the loss of SOC. In the present study, the observed SOC data were used for characterization of production systems with different SOC dynamics. Following careful evaluation of the CSM with observed soil organic matter (SOM) data similar to the study presented here, there are many opportunities for the application of the CSM for carbon sequestration and resource management in Sub-Saharan Africa.     

长期施肥对黄泥田碳和氮及氮素利用的影响

 【目的】研究长期施肥下南方黄泥田碳和氮的变异规律及其与硝态氮累积的关系,阐明影响硝态氮累积的主要因素。【方法】以25年定位试验为平台,通过室内分析和统计分析,研究不施肥、施化肥和有机无机肥配施处理条件下黄泥田有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）、微生物量碳、微生物量氮和氮素利用率的变化及与硝态氮累积的相关关系。【结果】（1）双季稻区,在提高土壤SOC、TN、碱解氮、微生物量碳和微生物量氮含量方面,有机无机肥配施明显优于单施无机肥,并以配施高量（70%）或低量有机肥（30%）效果最佳。（2）在等养分量条件下,与施无机肥处理相比,配施高量或低量有机肥处理在土壤硝态氮含量和累积量均有显著增加,有机无机肥等比例配施处理的硝态氮含量和累积量有大幅减少,与不施肥处理基本相当。【结论】提高土壤质量以配施高量有机肥效果最好,降低土壤中硝态氮累积量以等比例配施有机无机肥效果最佳。因此,从提高土壤质量和保护生态环境方面考虑,该区域有机无机肥配施应注意配施比例。影响硝态氮累积的因素主要有土壤有机碳、全氮、微生物量碳和微生物量氮,其中最直接的影响因素是土壤微生物量碳。