TCD燃烧系统对柴油机燃烧和排放性能改善效果的试验研究

为探究道依茨TCD2015柴油机上配备的导流燃烧系统(简称TCD燃烧系统,T表示涡轮增压器,Turbocharger,C表示进气中冷,Charge air cooling,D为柴油颗粒捕集器,Diesel particle filter)对改善柴油机燃烧性能和降低污染物排放的效果,采用单缸机试验对TCD燃烧系统在不同转速、负荷和过量空气系数下的燃烧和排放性能进行研究。试验结果表明不同工况下TCD燃烧系统燃油消耗率和Soot排放量均低于传统ω燃烧系统,燃油消耗率最大降幅为7.01%,Soot排放量最大降幅为86.67%,且低过量空气系数(1.2～1.6)下TCD燃烧系统仍具有较好的性能。为揭示TCD燃烧系统改善油气混合促进燃烧的机理,采用AVL Fire软件建立了柴油机性能仿真模型。计算结果表明,TCD燃烧系统的环状凸起结构将燃油导向内外两室,从而促进了缸内燃油发展过程,燃油当量比大于4的浓混合气区域燃油质量比例相比ω燃烧系统降幅最大为9.75%,活塞下移时TCD燃烧系统内油束撞击浅盘侧壁形成撞壁射流扩大了燃油扩散面积,从而改善了缸内油气混合质量,燃油当量比小于1的均匀混合气区域燃油质量比例相比ω燃烧系统降幅最大为7.45%,因此TCD燃烧系统能够有效改善柴油机的燃烧和排放性能,可应用于柴油机高负荷和低过量空气系数工况综合性能提升。研究结果可为柴油机燃烧系统开发和改进提供参考。     

土壤铅和镉溶出伏安法检测中影响因素及其削弱方法研究进展

溶出伏安法具有分析速度快、成本低、灵敏度高等优点被广泛应用于检测土壤重金属含量，但在检测土壤重金属时，溶出伏安检测精度会受到多方面因素的影响。该文在介绍溶出伏安法工作原理的基础上，从伏安参数、试验条件和土壤物质成分三方面阐述溶出伏安法检测土壤Pb2+和Cd2+为的影响因素，解析各因素的影响机理，归纳影响削弱方法的研究进展。研究结论为：方波脉冲阳极溶出伏安法最常用于检测土壤Pb2+和Cd2+，伏安参数包括脉冲幅值、电压增量和脉冲频率，试验条件包括沉积时间、沉积电压和支持电解质种类及其pH值，土壤成分主要干扰因素包括非目标重金属和有机质。针对伏安参数和试验条件的影响可以设计优化试验有效削弱。针对非目标重金属和有机质的干扰影响，目前研究还没有提出有效的削弱方法。最后，展望了溶出伏安法检测土壤重金属的未来发展方向。     

滇中冷凉山区不同播期反季花椰菜产量效益分析

为摸索滇中高海拔冷凉山区反季节栽培花椰菜的最佳播期以集成高效栽培技术推广应用,于2017—2018年选择海拔2250 m的云南省峨山县塔甸镇大西村地块进行9个播期的2年随机区组试验。结果表明,花椰菜生育期随播期推迟而延长,而花球采收期除播期7月10日外随播期推迟而逐渐增长;花椰菜株高、外叶数、开展度、球高、球径和单球重等农艺性状有随播期延迟呈现先逐渐减小而后又逐渐增大的趋势;莲座期黑腐病和霜霉病的病情指数随着播期的延迟呈现先逐渐升高而后又逐渐下降的趋势;花椰菜小区产量随着播期的延迟呈现先逐渐下降而后又逐渐提高的趋势,播期4月20日和4月30日与其余7个播期产量之间的差异达极显著水平。综合花椰菜在冷凉山区反季节栽培的生产实际和各播期产量产值及商品性表现,推荐滇中高海拔冷凉山区反季节栽培花椰菜的最佳播期为4月20—30日。     

Effects of music stimulus on behavior response,cortisol level,and horizontal immunity of growing pigs

An enriched environment is widely used to improve domestic animals’ welfare and promote their natural behaviors. Music can reduce abnormal behavior in humans, nonhuman primates, and rodents. However, little is known about the effects of music on pigs. This study aims to explore the effects of repeated music stimulation on the behavior, physiology, and immunity of growing pigs. A total of 72 hybrid piglets (Large White × Duroc × Minpig) were randomly divided into three groups, including music (Mozart K.448, 60 to 70 dB), noise (recorded mechanical noise, 80 to 85 dB), and control (natural background sound, <40 dB), and 6 h sound stimulation was given per day (1000 to 1600 hours) from 40 to 100 d of age. The behavioral activities of the pigs were observed during the music stimulation, and their serum cortisol, salivary cortisol, and serum immune indices were also measured. Compared with the control group, the music group and noise group increased activity but decreased lying of pigs (P < 0.05). A significant increase in tail-wagging, playing, and exploring behaviors of pigs was found in the music group (P < 0.05), and the noise significantly increased the aggressive behavior of the pigs (P < 0.05). Tail-wagging, playing, exploring, manipulating, and aggressive behaviors decreased over time. Short-term (8 d) music stimulus had a lower cortisol level than that of the noise and control groups (P < 0.05), whereas long-term (60 d) music stimulus increased immunoglobulin G (IgG), interleukin-2 (IL-2), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) levels (P < 0.05) and decreased interleukin-4 (IL-4) level (P < 0.05). Long-term noise stimulus significantly reduced the level of IgG (P < 0.05) but did not affect the level of IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-γ levels (P > 0.05). In conclusion, short-term music stimulus (8 d) reduced the stress response, whereas long-term music stimulus (60 d) enhanced the immune responses. In addition, the noise increased the aggressive behavior, and long-term noise reduced the immunity of the growing pigs.     

Effects of three methionine sources in diets on temporal B0AT1 and ASCT2 mRNA expression in different intestinal segments of cobia,Rachycentron canadum

A 4‐week feeding trial was conducted using five groups of hybrid grouper (61.15 ± 0.15 g) to explore the potential effects of three methionine (Met) sources. Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated that included a fishmeal (FM) diet; nonsupplemented (NS) diet; or NS diets with the addition of the L‐methionine (L‐Met), DL‐methionine (DL‐Met), or coated Met (Co‐Met) to obtain the same Met level as the FM diet. Fish were randomly distributed into sea cages (30 fish per cage). Weight gain and specific growth rate in the DL‐Met group and FM group were significantly higher than those in all other groups (p < .05). In the proximal and distal intestines, of the 20 gene and time combinations (10 per gene), there were 14 combinations (70%) in which there were no significant differences in gene expression levels between the FM and DL‐Met groups (p > .05). The main reason for the same growth effect between the DL‐Met and FM groups may be attributed to the synchronized absorption at most time points after feeding, which had similar expression patterns of B⁰AT1 and ASCT2 of the proximal and distal intestines between two groups.     

"三团一队"定点扶贫模式的绩效、困境与优化路径 ——基于西北农林科技大学帮扶合阳县的考察

高校不仅担负教书育人的根本任务,其作为重要的社会力量,也承担着定点扶贫的责任与使命.高校在定点扶贫过程中,可以充分发挥科技、人才以及智力等独特优势.经过多年的不断探索,已有许多高校探索出定点扶贫的经典模式.基于西北农林科技大学"三团一队"定点扶贫模式在帮扶合阳县所取得的成效以及"三团一队"保障机制不健全、扶贫工作主要发力点不突出、多主体共同参与程度不够以及社会力量吸引不足的困境,探索优化路径,以此来完善"三团一队"定点扶贫模式.     

鹿肚耳与3种木耳的营养价值评价

综述皱木耳Auricularia delicata新品种"鹿肚耳"的形态特征和食用特点,测定其与黑木耳、毛木耳、毛木耳白色变种"玉木耳"人工栽培子实体的基本营养成分、矿质元素含量和氨基酸组成,评价其营养价值。结果表明:鹿肚耳热量235 kJ/100g、蛋白质7.21 g/100g、脂肪1.5 g/100g、碳水化合物48.4 g/100g、总膳食纤维29.3g/100g,含有5种常量元素、5种必需微量元素,其中,硒元素含量是黑木耳的4.6倍;含有人体所需的8种必需氨基酸,氨基酸化学评分(CS)和氨基酸评分(ASS)分别为12和18.86,色氨酸为其限制性氨基酸;蛋白质综合评价低于其他3种木耳。     

桉树不同成熟度叶片营养元素内循环特征

揭示桉树人工林不同成熟度的叶片器官所需营养元素变化以及土壤肥力对其影响,对于桉树营林和科学施肥具有重要的生产指导意义。选取广西隆安县小林镇和田东县思林镇的桉树2代萌芽林作为研究对象,测定两个人工林嫩叶、成熟叶、黄叶的C、N、P、K、B、Ca、Mg以及土壤C、N、P、K、Ca、Mg元素含量,并进行相关分析。结果表明,植物叶片的N、P、K、Mg营养元素转移规律是黄叶向成熟叶和嫩叶转移,但C、Ca、B营养元素则是随着叶片的生长发育逐渐积累,黄叶中含量最高,说明施肥时应关注Ca、B元素的持续和有效供给。两片人工林都表现出类似的规律,说明土壤肥力的差异不影响桉树人工林叶片营养元素的内循环规律。桉树嫩叶营养元素含量及其生态化学计量比学特征具有与成熟叶和黄叶不同的表征,在营养物质研究中应予以足够重视。     

不同阶段猪用颗粒饲料物理性能的对比分析

对某饲料厂不同阶段猪用4种颗粒饲料的物理性能包括直径、长度、硬度、容重、含粉率和耐久性指数（Pellet Durability Index, PDI）等进行测定,对结果进行归类总结并采用统计学的方法参照有关标准进行分析。结果表明,4种颗粒饲料直径在2.87~3.94 mm之间,母猪料直径最大,小猪料最小,两两之间差异显著（P<0.05）,而且随着猪只年龄的增加,颗粒饲料的直径呈递增趋势。颗粒长度在8.62~11.94 mm之间,以大猪料最长,小猪料最短,长径比偏高。颗粒硬度在3.86~6.47 kg之间,以大猪料最大,小猪料最小,中小猪料显著低于大猪料和母猪料（P<0.05）,只有小猪料符合有关要求。颗粒容重在576.7~614.6 g/L之间,母猪料最大,小猪料最小,两两之间差异显著（P<0.05）,与直径呈相同的增减趋势。含粉率以小猪料最大,且只有小猪料与大猪料之间差异显著（P<0.05）。颗粒PDI以大猪料最大,小猪料最小,各阶段猪料的含粉率和PDI均符合有关要求。建议饲料厂家注重颗粒饲料物理性能指标的控制,调整饲料配方和工艺参数,不断改进颗粒饲料的质量。