苹果苦痘病的发生与综合防治研究进展

苹果苦痘病又称苦陷病,是苹果成熟期、贮藏期因缺钙而引发的一种常见生理病害,已成为世界范围内影响苹果经济性状的首要病害之一。作者对苹果苦痘病的症状和发生原因进行综述,并总结其防治方法,以期为生产中苹果苦痘病防治提供参考。     

Suramin alleviates hypertrophic scar in mice by inhibiting fibroplasia and inflammatory response

AIM: To investigate the therapeutical effect of suramin on hypertrophic scar (HPS) and its mechanism. METHODS: After the mouse model of HPS was established by mechanical stretching, the suramin solution at low dose (5 mg/kg) and high dose (10 mg/kg) was applied onto the scar site caused by mechanical load in mice by transdermal administration once a day for 10 d. The degree of scar hyperplasia was observed by macroscopy. The scar cross-sectional area and scar elevation index in the HPS tissues were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. The expression levels of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in HPS tissues were detected by immumohistochemical staining. The expression level of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in HPS tissues was detected by immunofluorescence staining, RT-qPCR and Western blot. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-6, IL-10 and TGF-β1 in the HPS tissues were measured by ELISA. RESULTS: Macroscopic observation showed that the surface areas of scar in the HPS mice after treatment with suramin at low and high doses were significantly reduced (P<0.01). HE staining results showed that the scar cross-sectional area and the scar elevation index of HPS mice after treatment with suramin at low and high doses were significantly reduced (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The results of immunofluorescence staining, RT-qPCR and Western blot showed that the number of α-SMA positive cells and the mRNA and protein expression of α-SMA in scar tissues of HPS mice after treatment with suramin at low and high doses were significantly decreased (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The results of immunohistochemical staining showed that the expression levels of TGF-β1 and IL-6 in scar tissues of HPS mice after treatment with suramin at low and high doses were significantly reduced (P<0.01). The results of ELISA showed that the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 and TGF-β1 in the scar tissues of HPS mice after treatment with suramin at low and high doses were significantly reduced (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Suramin inhibits the formation of HPS, which may be related to the inhibition of fibroplasia and reduction of local inflammatory response.     

苹果花脸病田间病情发展及ASSVd在组培条件下的传播

为了明确苹果锈果类病毒（apple scar skin viroid，ASSVd）引起的苹果花脸病在田间的病情发展情况以及ASSVd在组培条件下的传播方式，2012—2015年对河北省顺平南神南村3个果园进行持续调查和检测。结果显示，果园A、B、C的显症率分别从3.00%、19.35%和10.00%上升至10.00%、34.41%和22.00%，带毒率分别从11.00%、20.43%和14.00%上升至23.00%、37.63%和30.00%，带毒率和显症率都逐年增加，而且带毒率大于显症率，即有些带毒果树不显症。发病果树田间分布有明显的发病中心。通过高通量测序发现显症果树ASSVd vsiRNA reads数是带毒未显症reads数的4.08倍，同时实时荧光定量PCR检测发现显症树ASSVd病毒积累量显著高于带毒未显症树。以携带ASSVd的组培苗和无毒组培苗为试材，利用RT-PCR检测明确了ASSVd可通过伤口沾染带毒汁液、组培剪污染、含毒培养基、根系接触进行传播，其中根系接触传染率较高。     

半滑舌鳎溃疡病原杀鲑气单胞菌的分离鉴定与药敏试验

半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis Günther)是广受我国消费者认可的名优鱼类,具有很高的营养价值和经济价值,然而,随着工厂化养殖模式的不断发展,疾病成为制约半滑舌鳎养殖业健康发展的关键因素,其中,体表溃疡病为其常见病症。从严重溃疡病半滑舌鳎体内分离到1株优势菌株HX0416,该菌可在TCBS培养基上生长,并可在绵羊血平板上形成清晰的β-溶血环;经过16S rRNA和rpo D基因序列同源性分析并结合生化特性鉴定为杀鲑气单胞菌(Aeromonas salmonicida)。健康半滑舌鳎幼鱼感染试验表明,该菌对半滑舌鳎具有较强致病性,感染72 h(1.04×106cfu·m L-1)对攻毒鱼的致死率达91.7%。药敏试验结果显示,该菌对环丙沙星、恩诺沙星、诺氟沙星等喹诺酮类和头孢曲松、头孢吡肟等头孢菌素类药物比较敏感,而对硫酸新霉素、土霉素等氨基糖苷类和四环素类药物多重耐药,尤其是对磺胺甲噁唑、氨苄西林等磺胺类和β-内酰胺类药物严重耐药。     

The use of the hand-held infrared thermometer as an early detection tool for exertional heat illness in Thoroughbred racehorses: A study at racetracks in eastern Australia

Thoroughbred racehorses perform exercise at maximal intensities and typically display a hyperthermic exercise response, which can drive core body temperature to critical levels. Despite extremely efficient thermoregulatory mechanisms, certain weather conditions may affect the horse’s ability to cool and result in a syndrome referred to as exertional heat illness (EHI). This is characterised by central nervous system dysfunction, as well as cytotoxic effects of heat on cells, which can produce deleterious consequences. Early detection of exertional heat illness (EHI) in Thoroughbred racehorses can be difficult because signs are often vague and the measurement of rectal temperature as an indicator of hyperthermia is not practical. Best practice in the treatment of EHI in horses, as in human subjects, centres on early detection, rapid assessment and aggressive cooling. Research in human subjects has shown that EHI is manageable when recognised early and appropriate treatment provided. The aim of this study was to investigate the measurement of skin surface temperature (SST) by an infrared thermometer as an aid in the early detection of EHI. A skin surface temperature ≥39°C in the immediate postrace period is considered to be hot. It reflects the interaction of exercise-related metabolic heat production, physiological adjustments to the skin surface such as vasodilation and sweating, together with the effect of high ambient temperature. Most importantly, high SST is associated with a reduced core-to-skin temperature difference, which retards heat transfer from the deep body tissues to the skin and can hinder heat dissipation. Identification of horses with high SSTs can prioritise them for rapid cooling and curtail possible progression to EHI.     

两种油脂对小鼠皮肤创伤修复作用研究

本研究旨在观察阿勒泰大尾羊尾脂油脂对损伤皮肤是否具有修复作用，并与牛油脂、市售商品做比较。研究选择40 只体重在31 ± 1 g 之间的昆明小鼠，雌雄各半，通过构建小鼠皮肤损伤模型，将小鼠分为4 组（羊尾油组、牛油组、市售商品组和空白组）进行试验观察。小鼠皮肤伤口愈合良好，雌鼠的创面愈合能力强于雄鼠，雌鼠伤口愈合速度：羊尾油组＞牛油组＞市售商品组＞空白对照组。雄鼠伤口愈合速度：羊尾油组＞市售商品组＞牛油组＞空白对照组。皮肤组织病理学结果显示，涂抹羊尾脂、牛油脂、市售商品与空白对照处皮肤相比，创伤修复组织中脂肪细胞、胶原纤维以及其他细胞的数量、排列分布均有差异。羊尾油和牛油均有修复皮肤创伤的作用，且羊尾油修复作用更强，羊尾油可通过促进胶原纤维的生成加速皮肤修复。     

‘王林’苹果苦痘病的防治试验

近几年来‘王林’苹果苦痘病的发病率较高,为了探索防治办法,2018—2019年在瓦房店市驼山乡大魏村‘王林’苹果园进行施用“聚能螯合钙+硅”+生物有机肥试验。结果表明:第1年好果率达到90.2%,比对照提高15.0%;第2年分别为96.82%、22.23%。病果的病斑数也明显减少。     

一起母牛采食马铃薯皮引起亚硝酸盐中毒误诊案的思考

为切实加强动物中毒性疾病的诊断处置能力,防止因诊断失误、处置不当导致动物死亡现象的发生。本文就一起母牛采食马铃薯皮引起亚硝酸盐中毒误诊案的诊断处置过程进行讨论分析,提出了相应的诊断处置意见,供广大兽医同仁在实际诊断过程中借鉴应用。     

虾肽有机肥与磷肥配施对苹果产量和品质的影响

[目的]研究虾肽有机肥(SPOF)与磷肥配施的协同增效作用。[方法]采用田间小区试验,设尿素1.4 kg/株(CK)、尿素1.4 kg/株+农家肥50 kg/株+磷酸二氢钾1.54 kg/株(TT1)、尿素1.4 kg/株+SPOF 30 kg/株+磷酸二氢钾1.54 kg/株(TT2)、尿素1.4 kg/株+SPOF 30 kg/株+普通过磷酸钙0.83 kg/株+磷酸二氢钾1.25 kg/株(TT3)。[结果]各处理的产量TT3>TT2>TT1>CK,且TT3达到了显著水平;TT3的品质指标,即可溶性固形物、维生素C、蔗糖、葡萄糖以及硬度均达到了显著水平。[结论]TT3处理虾肽有机肥和磷肥(SSP+KH2PO4)协同将其效力发挥到最大。