农业科研院所开展农民教育培育的优势与作用——以石家庄市农林科学研究院为例

以石家庄市农林科学研究院为例,重点分析了农业科研单位在农民教育培育中的科研基地优势、人才优势、科技服务优势,以及在新型职业农民队伍的培养、农业科研成果转化、农业技术推广、农民科技知识的更新等方面的作用.     

Expression of Anti-Lipopolysaccharide Factor Isoform 3 in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Showing High Antimicrobial Activity

Antimicrobial peptides are a class of proteins with antibacterial functions. In this study, the anti-lipopolysaccharide factor isoform 3 gene (ALFPm3), encoding an antimicrobial peptide from Penaeus monodon with a super activity was expressed in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, which would develop a microalga strain that can be used for the antimicrobial peptide production. To construct the expression cluster, namely pH2A-Pm3, the codon optimized ALFPm3 gene was fused with the ble reporter by 2A peptide and inserted into pH124 vector. The glass-bead method was performed to transform pH2A-Pm3 into C. reinhardtii CC-849. In addition to 8 μg/mL zeocin resistance selection, the C. reinhardtii transformants were further confirmed by genomic PCR and RT-PCR. Western blot analysis showed that the C. reinhardtii-derived ALFPm3 (cALFPm3) was successfully expressed in C. reinhardtii transformants and accounted for 0.35% of the total soluble protein (TSP). Furthermore, the results of antibacterial assay revealed that the cALFPm3 could significantly inhibit the growth of a variety of bacteria, including both Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria at a concentration of 0.77 μM. Especially, the inhibition could last longer than 24 h, which performed better than ampicillin. Hence, this study successfully developed a transgenic C. reinhardtii strain, which can produce the active ALFPm3 driven from P. monodon, providing a potential strategy to use C. reinhardtii as the cell factory to produce antimicrobial peptides.     

Effects of Altitude Change on Nutritional Quality and Elymus nutans Regularity in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

In order to reveal the effects of different altitudes on the nutritional quality of wild forage in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,this study used Elymus nutans as the tested plants to evaluate the changes of nutrient contents and the correlation between the nutrient contents and altitudes.Four sampling sites were set up at altitudes of 2 562,2 660,2 775 and 2 905 m with the vertical distance among each sampling point was about 100 m.The results showed that the crude protein,ash and phosphorus contents of Elymus nutans decreased significantly with an increase in altitudes.The crude protein contents decreased by 1.87 % with each 100 m increase in altitudes.The variation rule of crude protein contents with altitudes in the simulated curve was "y=–0.0187x+63.244 (R~2=0.9557)".The crude ash contents decreased by 1.77% with each 100 m increase in altitudes.The variation rule of crude ash contents with altitudes in the simulated curve was "y=–0.0177x+56.144 (R~2=0.978)".Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) showed an overall increasing trend with the increase of altitudes,but the most obvious increase was at 2 775 m.The contents of crude fat and Ca did not change regularly with altitudes.     

鹿肚耳与3种木耳的营养价值评价

综述皱木耳Auricularia delicata新品种"鹿肚耳"的形态特征和食用特点,测定其与黑木耳、毛木耳、毛木耳白色变种"玉木耳"人工栽培子实体的基本营养成分、矿质元素含量和氨基酸组成,评价其营养价值。结果表明:鹿肚耳热量235 kJ/100g、蛋白质7.21 g/100g、脂肪1.5 g/100g、碳水化合物48.4 g/100g、总膳食纤维29.3g/100g,含有5种常量元素、5种必需微量元素,其中,硒元素含量是黑木耳的4.6倍;含有人体所需的8种必需氨基酸,氨基酸化学评分(CS)和氨基酸评分(ASS)分别为12和18.86,色氨酸为其限制性氨基酸;蛋白质综合评价低于其他3种木耳。     

非洲猪瘟防控的经验和误区

自从2018年8月我国报告首例非洲猪瘟疫情以来，经过3年多的艰难探索，我们面对非洲猪瘟疫情从最初的恐惧和束手无策，到现在的精准清除和“与狼共舞”，疫情防控从被动应对进入到常态化管理和无疫小区建设阶段；非洲猪瘟可防可控的预测得到了实践证明。但是由于我国幅员辽阔，养猪模式多样，疫情防控水平参差不齐；非洲猪瘟疫情零星散发的风险持续存在。下面就我们的观察和调查，对近年来非洲猪瘟防控上的一些经验和误区进行简要分析。     

强化型EM菌剂对金针菇菌糠堆肥的影响

为提高EM菌剂在菌糠堆肥中的应用效果,加速腐熟进程,改善堆肥质量,采用纤维素酶与木聚糖酶高产菌株黑曲霉SNH-7、蛋白酶高产菌株枯草芽孢杆菌SNK-103与EM菌剂进行复配,研制强化型EM菌剂,并研究其对菌糠堆肥的影响。结果表明：与普通EM菌剂相比,接种强化型EM菌剂的处理堆肥过程中微生物代谢更加旺盛,温度、pH、EC值、总有机碳、可溶性有机碳、总氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、C/N、腐植酸和黄腐酸含量等理化指标的升高或降低幅度更大,腐熟进程加快;成品堆肥的GI提高,C/N降低,总氮、硝态氮、总腐植酸和游离腐植酸的含量升高,生物安全性更好、肥效更高。说明在EM菌剂中补充纤维素酶、木聚糖酶和蛋白酶高产菌株,可强化其对纤维素、木质素和蛋白质的降解能力,在无辅料、高C/N、低pH的不利条件下,添加该菌剂能加速堆肥进程,提高堆肥质量。     

抗生素使用现状及其在生态环境系统的行为研究进展

阅览关于抗生素在生态环境中迁移转化降解等行为的文献，文献内容有研究性和综述性。分析了解近些年对抗生素行为研究的重视情况、使用现状、研究种类，对人体、土壤、水体还有植物体的污染情况、研究进展、研究方法、抗生素的降解处理方法等内容，并列举代表性研究对内容进行阐述。总结了滥用抗生素对人体和生态环境的危害，并对未来抗生素在生态环境的行为影响研究进行展望，以期为后续抗生素在生态环境中的研究提供     

不同黑胫病发病程度下植烟根际土壤酶活性及细菌群落结构差异比较

土传病害的发生与土壤环境,特别是微生物群落结构变化密切相关,田间自然发病条件下探讨土传病害发生、发展过程中土壤环境因子的变化特征,可更加科学地评价病害发生与土壤环境因子变化的关系,为进一步了解土传病害发生机理提供必要科学依据。选择云南烟草黑胫病危害较为严重的3个植烟区(石林板桥、保山耇街、保山珠街)统一种植高感黑胫病烤烟品种红花大金元,调查定点田块病害发生情况并根据病害调查标准将发病烟株划分不同程度(正常烟株、轻度发病烟株、中度发病烟株、重度发病烟株)。同时在保山耇街试验点采集不同发病程度烟株根际土壤,分析比较其土壤酶活性及细菌群落的差异。研究结果表明:各调查点不同发病程度烟株根际土壤与脲酶、蔗糖酶、酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性随发病程度增加均呈下降趋势;土壤16S rRNA高通量测序及多样性分析表明,与土壤细菌门类水平优势群落组成相似,并且随发病程度放线菌门相对丰度呈下降趋势,而酸杆菌门呈上升趋势;不同发病程度根际土壤细菌群落属水平上相对丰度差异较大,其中甾体杆菌属(Steroidobacter)、阿达尔杆菌属(Adhaeribacter)、根瘤菌属(Mesorhizobium)、杜氏杆菌属(Tumebacillus)随发病程度呈先下降后上升的趋势;细菌群落α多样性指数均不同程度低于健康根际土壤,且均表现为轻度发病烟株根际土壤α多样性指数最低,其中shannon和simpson指数轻度发病烟株显著低于健康烟株;PCoA主成分分析表明,根际土壤细菌群落结构随发病程度发生了明显分离,且沿第二主成分坐标轴上细菌群落结构分离随发病程度呈逐渐增大趋势。综上所述,不同发病程度烟株根际主要环境因子存在较大差异,土壤酶活性受到不同程度抑制,细菌群落组成发生趋向性变化,群落结构发生趋向性改变,土壤微生物多样性降低。     

滴灌频次对化学脱叶棉花产量和品质影响机制的研究

为了明确脱叶效果较好且产量较高的滴灌频次,研究了不同滴灌频次对化学脱叶棉花土壤含水率、叶绿素荧光参数、脱叶效果及产量品质的影响。试验结果表明,滴灌频次7次（D7）处理为棉花生育后期提供较适宜的土壤含水量且有效调节20~40cm土层的土壤水分,调节化学脱叶棉花叶片荧光参数和产量,适当降低光合活性,促进棉花脱叶率与吐絮率增长,且降低挂枝率16.12%~24.95%,从而使产量增加7.61%~15.99%,同时纤维长度和纺织一致性分别增加了1.91%~3.87%、4.58%~14.72%。因此,滴灌频次为7次（D7）更适宜南疆化学脱叶的等行距机采棉种植。     

The Identification of QTL Associated with Cotton Fruit Branch Length Suitable for Mechanized Harvest Utilizing BSA-seq

[Objective] This study aims to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with cotton fruit branch length by using the combination of bulked-segregant analysis (BSA) and next-generation sequencing (NGS) method. [Method] In this study, the cotton F₂ segregating population was developed with the short branch line Sujimian 125 and long-branch variety Sikang 1 as cross parents. According to the average internode length of fruit branches in middle, extreme individuals in F₂ population were divided into two groups to generate the bulked DNA samples. The whole-genome resequencing of two DNA bulks was applied to analyze the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and insertion-deletion (InDel) between two groups, and the fruit branch internode length related QTLs were detected using Euclidean distance (ED). [Result] With SNP data obtained from sequencing, a 0.8 Mbp range associated region on chromosome A3 was identified; with InDel data obtained from sequencing, a 1.09 Mbp range associated region on chromosome A3 was identified. Two regions overlapped, and the overlapped range was 0.77 Mbp. [Conclusion] This result suggested that the difference between I-type fruit branch and zero-type was due to different genetic locus and pattern rather than dosage effect of the same gene.