凤梨草莓与黄毛草莓种间杂种果实香气成分的代谢谱分析

【目的】通过比较黄毛草莓和凤梨草莓的2个种间杂种PF（具黄毛草莓浓郁的蜜桃香气）和NF（无蜜桃香气）完熟期果实香气成分的代谢谱,为黄毛草莓蜜桃香气特征成分鉴定及野生草莓优异资源的开发利用提供参考。【方法】采用顶空固相微萃取和气相色谱/质谱联用技术（gas chromatograph tandem mass spectrometer technology,GC-MS）,对供试材料的香气成分进行检测。采用偏最小二乘法判别分析（partial least squares discrimination analysis,PLS-DA）模型第一主成分的变量投影重要度（variable importance in the projection,VIP）值和log2FC（Fold Change,FC）,结合T-test的P值来筛选差异性代谢物,PF相对于NF,设置阈值VIP>1.0, log2FC>1.0或log2FC<-1.0且P value<0.05,差异代谢物的相对含量采用峰面积归一化法计算,CAS号（Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number）在https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov网站查阅。【结果】从检测到的383种总代谢物中筛选出67种差异代谢物,其中58种上调,9种下调,上调幅度较大的差异代谢物为内酯类物质,log2FC排在前3名的依次是(Z)-7-癸烯-5-酸（5.60）、丁位十一内酯（5.33）、δ-癸内酯（5.30）,下调幅度较大的差异代谢物为酯类物质,-log2FC排在前3名的依次是肉桂酸乙酯、亚硫酸（-7.19）,2-乙基己基异己酯（-6.65）和3-羟基丁酸乙酯（-4.14）。从相对含量来看,酯类在PF（37.69%）中大幅低于NF（57.20%）,内酯类在PF（20.91%）中大幅高于NF（6.12%）,酮类在PF（15.30%）中略高于NF（9.12%）,醇类、醛类、酸类、烯烃类和其他代谢物在PF和NF中的含量相当,NF中相对含量最大的酯是丁酸乙酯（17.92%）,PF中相对含量最大的内酯是δ-癸内酯（12.53%）,PF相对含量最大的酮与NF相同,均为2-庚酮。【结论】肉桂酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯和3-羟基丁酸乙酯等酯类可能是NF的关键香气成分,(Z)-7-癸烯-5-酸、丁位十一内酯和δ-癸内酯等内酯类可能是形成PF蜜桃香气的关键物质。     

Wide hybridization and introgression breeding in safflower: Effectiveness of different selection methods

Possibility of using interspecific hybridization to increase genetic diversity of drought tolerance in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) and effectiveness of different selection methods is poorly understood. The main objectives of this study were to evaluate the effectiveness of (a) interspecific hybridization to expand genetic diversity in safflower for agronomic traits and drought tolerance in advance generations and (b) different selection methods (direct vs. indirect) for improving seed yield. Interspecific hybridizations were performed between species of C. tinctorius × C. palaestinus (TP), C. palaestinus × C. oxyacantha (PO) and C. tinctorius × C. oxyacantha (TO). Based on the field screening of genotypes in F3 generation, four groups of selected genotypes (derived from combination of direct and indirect selection under both drought and normal environments along with selection based on drought tolerance index (STI)) were evaluated in F4 and F5 generations. Indirect selection for seed yield was significantly more efficient than direct selection. Selection in stress environment resulted to more efficiency than selection in normal environment. No significant difference was observed between direct selection and selection based on STI. The result showed that TP was the best population to combine high seed yield and drought tolerance in safflower.     

Stable isotopes and gut contents indicate differential resource use by coexisting asp (Leuciscus aspius) and pikeperch (Sander lucioperca)

Differential use of habitat and prey resources is an important mechanism that may allow coexistence of sympatric species. Unlike interactions between smaller cyprinid and percid fishes, the resource use by coexisting predatory asp (Leuciscus aspius) and pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) is relatively unknown. Here, gut content and stable isotope analyses were used to study ontogenetic dietary shifts and interspecific trophic niche overlap between asp and pikeperch coexisting in two reservoirs. The hypothesis that both species show an ontogenetic dietary shift from small invertebrates to large fish prey, but at the same time use different prey resources to reduce potential competitive interactions, was validated. The isotopic niches of the two predators showed no, or only a moderate, degree of overlap (0%–65%). The ontogenetic changes in the degree of interspecific isotopic niche overlap were different in the two reservoirs, suggesting that trophic segregation can be dynamic and variable among systems. Gut contents revealed that small (<100 mm standard length) asp consumed mostly terrestrial invertebrates and emerged aquatic insects, whereas small pikeperch foraged on zooplankton, larval and pupal stages of aquatic insects and fish. Larger individuals (>100 mm) of both species were predominantly piscivorous, with asp consuming more cyprinid prey and pikeperch more percid prey. Coexisting asp and pikeperch populations are able to utilise different prey resources, thereby reducing potential negative competitive interactions.     

Early interspecific dynamics,dry matter production and nitrogen use in Kernza (Thinopyrum intermedium) – alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) mixed intercropping

ABSTRACT

The global interest in growing perennial grain crops such as intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium) (Kernza) for production of food and feed is increasing. Intercropping Kernza with legumes may be a sustainable way of supplying nitrogen to soil and associated intercrop. We determined the competitive interactions between intercropped Kernza (K) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) (A) under three inorganic nitrogen (N) rates N0, N1, N2 (0, 200, 400 kg ha^?1) and five species relative frequencies (SRF) (100%K:0%A, 75%K:25%A, 50%K:50%A, 25%K:75%A and 0% K:100%A) in mixed intercrops (MI) in a greenhouse pot experiment. After 11 weeks of growth. Kernza dry matter yield (DM) and N accumulated (NACC) were low, but alfalfa DM and NACC high at 0 kg N ha^?1. 200 and 400 kg N ha^?1 fertiliser application increased the competitive ability (CA) of Kernza and reduced the CA of alfalfa. SRF had large impacts on alfalfa DM, NACC and NFIX only at 0 kg N ha^?1 fertiliser, and insignificant impacts on Kernza at all N fertiliser levels, indicating that adjustment of SRF may not be an effective way to modulate the interspecific competition of Kernza. Further research on the other factors that influence the interspecific competition are warranted.     

山西云顶山亚高山草甸优势种种间关系分析

为揭示山西云顶山亚高山草甸植物群落优势种的种间关系,本研究通过种间联结性和相关性测定,对其植物群落13个优势种78个种对的种间关系进行研究。结果表明:13个优势种间大部分种对的种间关联不显著,种间联结不紧密,说明山西云顶山亚高山草甸植物群落结构不很稳定,存在一定程度的生态退化风险;多数原生优势种在群落中占据主要位置,同时也出现少数非原生优势种优势明显,有逐渐取代典型原生优势种的逆行演替趋势,这是由于人类频繁的旅游扰动所致。因此,应当合理的控制旅游开发强度与游客数量,保持亚高山草甸生态系统的稳定与自我维持,以持续高效的维持云顶山亚高山草甸的经济及生态价值。     

不同育苗基质下咖啡种间嫁接苗生长及光合特性

以大粒种咖啡（Caffea liberica）1号为砧木、中粒种咖啡（Caffea canephora）热研1号高产无性系为接穗形成种间嫁接苗,以棕榈叶+表土、棕榈叶+椰糠和椰糠+表土不同比例配置基质,比较不同处理下嫁接苗的根系形态、光合特性、生物量及苗木质量指数,筛选适宜育苗基质。结果表明：以棕榈叶+表土体积比1:0（M1）、7:3（M2）、1:1（M3）处理植株根尖数、净光合速率（P_n）、总生物量及苗木质量指数较高,较常规育苗配比（CK）,M1处理分别提高98.17%、25.88%、159.54%和142.86%,M2处理分别提高122.99%、39.11%、162.61%和151.40%,M3处理分别提高157.18%、40.47%、194.22%和214.29%,增幅均达显著水平,各处理植株根系形态指标、净光合速率、总生物量、苗木质量指数间呈极显著正相关。因此,M1、M2和M3处理混配基质均能较好的满足咖啡种间嫁接苗生长需要,建议推广应用。     

Associations of fish with various types of littoral habitats in reservoirs

Fish associations with different types of littoral habitats were studied in four canyon‐shaped reservoirs in the Czech Republic in years 2010 and 2011 by gillnets. Two to three habitats per reservoir–beaches (former meadows), stump fields (former forest) and rubble slopes–were defined and sampled along the longitudinal axis of reservoirs. Effects of reservoir, habitat and locality (position along longitudinal axis) on fish biomass, abundance and species structure were tested for juvenile and adult fish separately. Hierarchical analysis of variance revealed that habitats differed significantly in fish biomass and abundance. Redundancy analysis showed that analysed environmental variables had significant influence on fish community structure. Most variability in community structure was explained by reservoir and then by combination of habitat and slope steepness. Locality position had the smallest influence on community structure. For both adult and juvenile fish total abundance and biomass, the most inhabited habitat was beaches; rubble slopes were the least inhabited. Habitat associations differed among species. Among adults, bream Abramis brama, white bream Blicca bjoerkna and roach Rutilus rutilus were associated with beaches and stump fields, whereas perch Perca fluviatilis, ruffe Gymnocephalus cernuus, asp Aspius aspius and pike Esox lucius were associated with rubble slopes. Bream, white bream, bleak Alburnus alburnus, roach, ruffe and pikeperch Sander lucioperca were associated with beaches among juveniles, whereas the only juvenile associated with rubble slopes was perch. We showed that most common species are associated with distinct habitats and also that utilisation of various littoral habitats differs in general.     

庞泉沟自然保护区优势种种群竞争关系及其动态预测

利用Hegyi单木竞争指数模型对庞泉沟自然保护区优势种群的种内、种间竞争关系进行了定量分析。结果表明:种内和种间竞争强度随着林木径级的增大而逐渐减小,种内竞争较之与其伴生树种间的竞争剧烈。华北落叶松种内、种间竞争强度大小顺序为:种内>云杉>红桦>白桦>关帝柳>花楸>山杨。竞争强度与对象木胸径之间存在显著的幂函数非线性回归关系,回归结果与林分实际相符,从而为庞泉沟自然保护区混交林理论研究和合理经营提供了科学依据。     

Comparison of structural diversity of tree-crop associations in Peripheral and Buffer zones of Gachabari Sal forest area, Bangladesh

The structural diversity of different tree-crop associations were studied at Gachabari Sal forest area of Madhupur Garh on Buffer and Peripheral Zone during 2006. The total density, basal area of trees in the Buffer and Peripheral Zone were 155.5 trees·hm^-2, 795.4 trees·hm^-2 and 3.9 m^2·hm^-2, 5.8 m^2·hm^-2, respectively. No regeneration and natural trees were found in Peripheral Zone and the Zone is totally occupied by exotic species where the Buffer Zone comprised of both natural and exotic trees. The Peripheral Zone belonged to younger and smaller trees whereas the Buffer Zone belonged to mixture of smaller, taller, younger and mature trees simultaneously. For the practicing of different agroforestry systems both Zones have lost their original characters of Sal forest.     

联结度指数构造模型及其应用

植物种间联结关系的研究约有 1 0 0年的历史 ,国内外学者提出了多种公式 :I1 =(ad-bc) (ad bc) (Yule ,1 91 2 ) ,I2 =2a (2a b c) (Dice ,1 94 5 ) ,I3 =(a b) (a c) a(Margalef,1 95 8) ,上述这些公式均没有考虑每一样方的种群数量 ,而只检查种是否出现 ;无疑这些指数受