蔗糖水解酶注释基因XC0805与野油菜黄单胞菌8004菌株的蔗糖利用及致病相关

 野油菜黄单胞菌(Xanthomonas campestris pv.campestris,Xcc)是造成十字花科植物减产的重要病原菌,其通过水孔或伤口进入植物体内并在维管束中快速繁殖。光合产物(蔗糖)的运输主要依靠植物维管组织,同时蔗糖也是维管组织重要的能量来源。本研究利用生物信息学和遗传学等方法对Xcc中参与蔗糖利用的基因进行了分析,并研究了这些基因与其致病力的关系。Xcc 8004菌株中注释的参与蔗糖分解蛋白的编码基因有XC1002、XC1642、 XC1645和XC0805。 XC1002和XC1642的编码产物属于糖苷水解酶GH97蛋白超家族,而XC1645和XC0805的编码产物则属于GH13家族。突变分析发现除XC0805外,其他3个都不影响Xcc的蔗糖利用能力。接种实验表明,XC0805参与Xcc的侵染或在植物体内的生长,其他3个不参与致病过程。另外,Xcc 8004中预测参与蔗糖转运的基因(XC0806和XC0807)突变并不影响细菌的蔗糖利用和致病力,表明其可能存在其他的蔗糖转运通路。上述结果说明XC0805可能是Xcc 8004主要的蔗糖水解酶基因,且在致病中起重要作用。     

滞绿突变对大豆叶片蔗糖代谢相关基因表达的影响

为研究大豆滞绿突变对叶片衰老过程中蔗糖代谢相关基因表达产生的影响，以晋大滞绿1号及其亲本晋大74号为试验材料，测定了大豆开花后至成熟期间叶片可溶性糖含量的变化趋势，并对比了不同基因型大豆品种叶片衰老过程中蔗糖代谢相关基因的表达差异。结果表明:1)花后至成熟期间，2个供试大豆品种可溶性总糖含量均呈波动升高然后降低的变化趋势。花后14至42天，晋大滞绿1号可溶性总糖含量高于晋大74号；2)花后29至42天，晋大滞绿1号蔗糖磷酸合成酶基因SPS4，转化酶基因CInv、CWInv2以及蔗糖合酶基因SS1、SS2-2表达水平显著高于非滞绿品种晋大74号；己糖激酶和果糖激酶基因Hxk和Frk表达量也高于非滞绿品种晋大74号；3)除 SUT4-1外，其余6个蔗糖转运体基因SUTs的表达模式具有明显的品种特异性。花后29至42天，晋大滞绿1号叶片SUTs表达水平较高。综上，滞绿突变对于大豆蔗糖代谢相关基因的表达产生了明显的影响，特别是在鼓粒初期和中期等大豆籽粒形成的关键时期，滞绿品种晋大滞绿1号蔗糖代谢相关基因的表达更加活跃。     

AM真菌改善植物磷营养吸收和转运机制的研究进展

旨在深入了解丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhizae,AM)真菌在植物吸收和转运磷元素方面的机制。本研究归纳了近年来关于AM真菌能够促使植物改善磷营养（如磷酸盐转运蛋白、磷酸酶基因等）相关的最新研究成果,着重分析了AM真菌的菌根吸收途径,总结了国内外关于AM真菌对水溶性无机磷、难溶性无机磷和有机磷等3种土壤磷存在形态下的利用机制。最后指出该领域仍存在的一些问题以及未来的研究侧重点。     

乙酰羟酸合酶抑制剂类除草剂的植物抗性机制

乙酰羟酸合酶(AHAS)抑制剂类除草剂已被广泛用于农业生产,然而使用过程中可能对部分敏感农作物产生药害,因此创制对不同类别除草剂具有抗性的一系列作物新品种至关重要。本文将从AHAS抑制剂类除草剂的类别与特点、AHAS靶酶的特性及其在支链氨基酸合成中的作用、除草剂的靶标抗性与非靶标抗性机制等方面分析国内外研究现状与未来发展动态,以期为农作物除草剂抗性性状的遗传改良和开发应用提供参考。     

Modulation of plant root traits by nitrogen and phosphate: transporters,long-distance signaling proteins and peptides,and potential artificial traps

As sessile organisms, plants rely on their roots for anchorage and uptake of water and nutrients. Plant root is an organ showing extensive morphological and metabolic plasticity in response to diverse environmental stimuli including nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) nutrition/stresses. N and P are two essential macronutrients serving as not only cell structural components but also local and systemic signals triggering root acclimatory responses. Here, we mainly focused on the current advances on root responses to N and P nutrition/stresses regarding transporters as well as long-distance mobile proteins and peptides, which largely represent local and systemic regulators, respectively. Moreover, we exemplified some of the potential pitfalls in experimental design, which has been routinely adopted for decades. These commonly accepted methods may help researchers gain fundamental mechanistic insights into plant intrinsic responses, yet the output might lack strong relevance to the real situation in the context of natural and agricultural ecosystems. On this basis, we further discuss the established—and yet to be validated—improvements in experimental design, aiming at interpreting the data obtained under laboratory conditions in a more practical view.     

茶树GGPS基因家族的克隆、生物信息学和表达分析

牻牛儿基牻牛儿基焦磷酸合酶(Geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase,GGPS)是萜类合成途径的结构酶,对植物生长发育具有重要意义。本研究通过RACE和RT-PCR方法克隆得到5条潜在的茶树GGPS序列,分别命名为CsGGPS1-4和CsGGPS9,其中CsGGPS9存在3条等位基因,分别是CsGGPS9-1、CsGGPS9-2和CsGGPS9-3,在系统进化树上与其他基因分成两支。蛋白质序列分析表明,茶树GGPS家族成员都具有polyprenyl_synt结构域,不存在信号肽序列。亚细胞定位预测结果显示,CsGGPS1、CsGGPS2和CsGGPS4定位在叶绿体上,CsGGPS3和CsGGPS9定位在线粒体上。通过Swiss Model进行三维建模,结合"three-floor"模型对茶树GGPS家族成员的功能进行预测,预测结果显示,CsGGPS1、CsGGPS2和CsGGPS4是GGPS;CsGGPS3是异源二聚体形式的牻牛儿基焦磷酸合酶的小亚基;CsGGPS9的催化主产物是碳链数大于30的异戊烯基焦磷酸。q RT-PCR分析表明,CsGGPS1整体表达丰度较低,仅在一芽二叶中表达量稍高;CsGGPS2在茶树各个组织中均有表达,在花中表达量最高,且花发育过程中表达量先上升后下降;CsGGPS3在叶和幼根中的表达量高于花,花发育过程中表达平稳;CsGGPS4在茶树各个组织中表达量数值相近,在花发育过程中表达量变化趋势与CsGGPS2相同;CsGGPS9的表达量在成熟叶中显著低于幼嫩叶片。     

我国主要麦区农户施肥评价及减肥潜力分析

【目的】明确我国主要麦区农户小麦施肥存在的问题及减肥潜力,为科学施肥、合理减肥提供依据。【方法】连续3年对我国主要麦区的小麦种植户进行施肥调研和取样,基于农户产量、养分需求量和土壤养分供应水平对其施肥状况和减肥潜力进行评价和分析。【结果】我国主要麦区农户小麦产量和生物量平均为6.0和13.2 t·hm ^-2,二者极显著线性相关。小麦产量与施肥量和土壤养分无显著相关。我国小麦氮（N）、磷（P₂O₅）和钾（K₂O）肥用量平均分别为191.1、112.8和53.4 kg·hm ^-2,春麦区农户氮、磷和钾肥用量平均分别为171.7、108.9和10.6 kg·hm ^-2,旱作区分别为154.3、111.8和32.6 kg·hm ^-2,麦玉区分别为236.4、128.1和74.0 kg·hm ^-2,稻麦区分别为177.5、77.0和71.8 kg·hm ^-2。就施氮量而言,春麦区过量施氮的农户较少,为34%,其次是麦玉区、稻麦区和旱作区,分别为42%、55%和63%;产量较低的农户是氮肥减施的重点,减氮潜力最高达43.6%,平均需减氮2.3—135.5 kg·hm ^-2。过量施磷问题比较突出,各麦区施磷过量的农户分别占63%、87%、68%和57%,即使小麦高产时,仍有超过50%的农户施磷过量;各麦区不同产量等级的农户均需减施磷肥,减磷量平均为3.8—91.1 kg·hm ^-2,旱作区减磷潜力最大,达55.6%。施钾状况因麦区而异,在春麦区,主要问题是施钾不足,占84%,平均需增施钾肥22.8 kg·hm ^-2;旱作、麦玉和稻麦区,减钾潜力分别达43.2%、25.7%和56.0%;产量较低的农户是减钾的重点,平均需减钾31.7—45.9 kg·hm ^-2。【结论】我国农户施肥状况和减肥潜力因农户产量和麦区不同存在差异,中低产农户过量施肥问题较为严重,应注意根据产量适量减少施用氮、钾肥,所有农户均需警惕磷肥过量投入问题,其中旱作区氮、磷肥减施潜力最高,稻麦区减钾潜力最高。     

氮磷减量与液体有机肥配施对膜下滴灌棉田土壤养分的影响

以新疆膜下滴灌棉田为试材,研究氮磷减量与液体有机肥配施对膜下滴灌棉田土壤养分的影响。试验设11个处理:(1)常规施肥(NP);(2)80%常规施肥(80%NP);(3)80%常规施肥+低量氨基酸有机肥(80%NP+LAA);(4)80%常规施肥+中量氨基酸有机肥(80%NP+MAA);(5)80%常规施肥+高量氨基酸有机肥(80%NP+HAA);(6)80%常规施肥+低量黄腐酸有机肥(80%NP+LFA);(7)80%常规施肥+中量黄腐酸有机肥(80%NP+MFA);(8)80%常规施肥+高量黄腐酸有机肥(80%NP+HFA);(9)80%常规施肥+低量沼液有机肥(80%NP+LBS);(10)80%常规施肥+中量沼液有机肥(80%NP+MBS);(11)80%常规施肥+高量沼液有机肥(80%NP+HBS);分别在蕾期、花期、成熟期采集0～20、20～40 cm土层土壤,测定土壤pH值、有机质、氮、磷、钾等有效养分含量。研究结果表明:(1)蕾期时,80%常规施肥配施高量黄腐酸、沼液有机肥显著降低了0～20 cm土层土壤pH值,并对提高土壤速效氮、速效磷含量效果最好。(2)花期时,80%常规施肥配施高量沼液有机肥对提高0～20 cm土层土壤有机质、速效磷含量效果最好。(3)成熟期时,80%常规施肥配施高量沼液有机肥对降低0～20 cm土层土壤pH值、提高土壤有机质含量效果最好。综上所述,新疆滴灌棉田应用80%常规施肥配施高量沼液有机肥效果最好,是新疆滴灌棉田提高土壤肥力和肥料利用率的有效途径。     

Effects of taurine-zinc on learning and memory abilities of vascular dementia mice

AIM:To observe the effects of taurine-zinc (TZC) on the learning and memory abilities of vascular dementia (VD) mice and to investigate the related mechanism. METHODS:The mice were randomly divided into model group, sham group, and TZC at 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg groups. The mice in drug groups were given TZC by gavage at 10 mL/kg once daily. The mice in sham group and model group were given equal volume of distilled water. VD mice were established by intercepting both common carotid arteries and bleeding at caudal vein after 14 d of gavage. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were detected by ELISA. The levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitric oxide (NO) were measured via spectrophotometer. Step-down test and Morris water maze test were used to examine the abilities of learning and memory in the mice. RESULTS:TZC at 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg reduced the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS and NO in the brain tissues. In the water maze test, TZC at 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg significantly decreased the error times and latency compared with model group. In the step-down test, the escape latency was prolonged and error times were lowered significantly by treatment with TZC at 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg as compared with model group. CONCLUSION:TZC improves the abilities of learning and memory, which might be related to the reduction of TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS and NO levels in VD mice.     

Do cover crops change the lability of phosphorus in a clayey subtropical soil under different phosphate fertilizers?

Plants have developed different mechanisms to absorb and solubilize phosphorus (P) in the soil, especially in environments with low P availability. This study evaluated the effects of different winter cover crops on soil P availability in a clayey subtropical (Hapludox) soil receiving soluble P fertilizer and a rock phosphate applied to the summer crop, under no‐tillage. The experiment was carried out over 3 yrs (2009–2011) with five different cover crop species: common vetch, fodder radish, ryegrass, black oat, white clover and fallow as control. The soil was sampled after the third year of cover crop cultivation and analysed for inorganic and organic P forms according to the well‐established Hedley fractionation procedure. Phosphate fertilizers promoted accumulation of both labile and nonlabile P pools in soil in the near surface layer, especially under rock phosphate. Fertilizer applications were not able to change P fractions in deeper layers, emphasizing that the Brazilian clayey soils are a sink of P from fertilizer and its mobility is almost nil. Although the cover crops recycled a great amount of P in tissue, in a short‐term evaluation (3 yrs) they only changed the content of moderately labile P in soil, indicating that long‐term studies are needed for more conclusive results.