黄淮海旱作区土壤压实度空间分布特征及其影响因素

为探究旱作区农田不同层次土壤压实度特征,基于2017年采集的255个土壤样品,运用Mann-Kendall突变检验法、地统计学和冗余分析等方法,探究黄淮海旱作区耕作层和压实层空间分布特征,分析不同层次的土壤压实度的空间变异特性及影响因素,并提出了最佳土壤压实度范围。研究结果表明:旱作区耕作层和压实层厚度均呈现由北向南递增的趋势,耕作层最大厚度可达22.50 cm,最低仅有10.21 cm;压实层厚度最大可达17.50 cm,最小值也达到7.50 cm。从不同层次来看,耕作层和压实层的压实度具有空间分布一致性,耕作层压实度高值区主要分布在河南省东部、安徽北部及河北北部地区,最大值可达87.68%以上,低值区则主要集中在山东西北部以及河北南部地区。和压实层压实度相比,耕作层压实度是影响粮食产量的主要因素,且在70%～80%时获得较高产量。分析表明,土壤压实度受到年降水量、平均气温、土壤自然属性等环境因子和机械耕作等人为因素综合作用的影响。研究结果可为黄淮海农田土壤压实情况的改善及管理措施的科学制定提供理论支撑。     

马铃薯枯萎病和干腐病药剂防治筛选试验报告

马铃薯产业是宁夏“1+4”特色优势产业,是西吉县所有农作物中种植面积最大、涉及农户最多、比较效益最高的农民脱贫致富的主导产业。近年来西吉县马铃薯产业由商品薯种植大县向种薯繁育大县的转变,推动了农业增效,农民增收的快速发展。但各类土传性病害的发生影响了马铃薯产业的发展,同时磋商了农民种植的积极性。为了测定筛选出对马铃薯枯萎病和干腐病防治效果好、成本较低药剂,为大田防治提供科学依据。     

Comparing the behavioural thermoregulation response to heat stress by Atlantic salmon parr (Salmo salar) in two rivers

Climate change is expected to increase the frequency and magnitude of extreme thermal events in rivers. The Little Southwest Miramichi River (LSWM) and the Ouelle River (OR) are two Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) rivers located in eastern Canada, where in recent years, water temperatures have exceeded known thermal limits (~23°C). Once temperature surpasses this threshold, juvenile salmon exploit thermal heterogeneity to behaviourally thermoregulate, forming aggregations in coolwater refuges. This study aimed to determine whether the behavioural thermoregulation response is universal across rivers, arising from common thermal cues. We detailed the temperature and discharge patterns of two geographically distinct rivers from 2010 to 2012 and compared these with aggregation onset temperature. PIT telemetry and snorkelling were used to confirm the presence of aggregations. Mean daily maximum temperature in 2010 was significantly greater in the OR versus the LSWM (p = 0.005), but not in other years (p = 0.090–0.353). Aggregations occurred on 14 and 9 occasions in the OR and LSWM respectively. Temperature at onset of aggregation was significantly greater in the OR (T_onset = 28.3°C) than in the LSWM (T_onset = 27.3°C; p = 0.049). Logistic regression models varied by river and were able to predict the probability of aggregation based on the preceding number of hours >23°C (R² = 0.61 & 0.65; P₅₀ = 27.4°C & 28.9°C; in the OR and LSWM respectively). These results imply the preceding local thermal regime may influence behaviour and indicate a degree of phenotypic plasticity, illustrating a need for localised management strategies.     

外源ABA对苹果砧木叶片解剖结构 及内源激素含量的影响

通过光镜和透射电镜分别观察外源脱落酸（ABA）处理下楸子（Malus prunifolia）、平邑甜茶（M. hupehensis）和新疆野苹果（M. sieversii）叶片解剖结构及叶绿体超微结构的变化，利用扫描电镜和酶联免疫法分别研究ABA处理对叶片气孔特征及其内源激素含量的影响。结果表明：与对照相比，ABA处理下楸子、平邑甜茶和新疆野苹果的叶厚分别减少了7.93%、0.25%和0.81%，栅栏组织厚度分别减少了31.43%、8.53%和4.99%（P＜0.05），海绵组织厚度分别增加了10.34%、6.14%和5.63%（P＜0.05），叶肉组织结构疏松度（SR）分别增加了19.59%、6.55%和6.50%。ABA处理下楸子和平邑甜茶的栅栏组织/海绵组织厚度比值（P/S）及叶肉组织结构紧密度（CTR）较对照显著减少（P＜0.05），其中，P/S值分别下降37.86%和13.82%，CTR分别下降25.46%和8.29%，而新疆野苹果的P/S值和CTR下降但不显著。此外，ABA处理下楸子和平邑甜茶的上表皮细胞厚度较对照分别增加了5.82%和6.43%，新疆野苹果的较对照减少了26.23%（P＜0.05）；楸子和新疆野苹果的下表皮细胞厚度较对照增加了12.09%和14.21%（P＜0.05），平邑甜茶的较对照减少了12.56%。平邑甜茶和新疆野苹果叶片上下角质层厚度较对照显著增加（P＜0.05），而楸子的变化不显著。在ABA诱导下，3种砧木的气孔密度、气孔大小（长度×宽度）及其开口度和开张比均不同程度地下降，其中，楸子的较对照分别下降了3.62%、7.12%×19.59%、67.60%和86.66%，平邑甜茶的分别下降了3.50%、4.99%×20.65%、32.42%和58.24%，新疆野苹果的分别下降了8.54%、0.92%×12.06%、20.37%和16.35%。ABA处理下3种砧木叶片细胞中叶绿体的数量变少，类囊体结构排列疏松，叶绿体上的淀粉粒趋于变小。外施ABA使3种砧木叶片内源ABA和玉米素核苷（ZR）的含量极显著增加（P＜0.01），其中楸子ABA和ZR含量比对照分别增加30.83%和13.31%，平邑甜茶的分别增加62.40%和45.28%，而新疆野苹果的分别增加了37.07%和17.06%。楸子和新疆野苹果叶片的吲哚乙酸（IAA）和赤霉素（GA）含量无显著变化，而平邑甜茶叶片的IAA及GA含量比对照分别增加了62.62%和20.62%（P＜0.01）。总之，在ABA处理下，3种苹果砧木的叶片组织解剖结构和气孔特征都发生旱生性结构变化，叶肉细胞中淀粉粒趋于变小，叶片内源ABA和ZR水平增加显著，而IAA和GA水平变化因基因型不同而存在差异。     

Effects of post-silking water deficit on the leaf photosynthesis and senescence of waxy maize

Waxy maize is widely cultivated under rainfed conditions and frequently suffers water shortage during the late growth stage. In this study, a pot trial was conducted to examine the effects of post-silking drought on leaf photosynthesis and senescence and its influence on grain yield. Two waxy maize hybrids, Suyunuo 5(SYN5) and Yunuo 7(YN7), were grown under the control and drought(soil moisture content was 70–80% and 50–60%, respectively) conditions after silking in 2016 and 2017. The decrease in yield was 11.1 and 15.4% for YN7 and SYN5, respectively, owing to the decreased grain weight and number. Post-silking dry matter accumulation was reduced by 27.2% in YN7 and 26.3% in SYN5. The contribution rate of pre-silking photoassimilates transferred to grain yield was increased by 15.6% in YN7 and 10.2% in SYN5, respectively. Post-silking drought increased the malondialdehyde content, but decreased the contents of water, soluble protein, chlorophyll, and carotenoid in the leaves. The weakened activities of enzymes involved in photosynthesis(ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase) and antioxidant system(catalase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase) reduced the photosynthetic rate(P_n) and accelerated leaf senescence. The correlation results indicated that reduced Pn and catalase activity and increased malondialdehyde content under drought conditions induced the decrease of post-silking photoassimilates deposition, ultimately resulted in the grain yield loss.     

不适温度条件诱导西瓜嗜酸菌进入VBNC状态的研究

 由西瓜嗜酸菌(Acidovorax citrulli)引起的瓜类果斑病,是危害西瓜和甜瓜等葫芦科作物的一种典型的种传细菌性病害。已有文章报道西瓜嗜酸菌在铜离子诱导下可进入“有活力但不可培养”(viable but non-culturable,VBNC)状态,并在适当条件下复苏,成为生产中潜在的病害初侵染来源。本文结合实际生产中的种子温汤浸种和低温储藏等条件,分别设定了50℃、55℃高温和4℃低温对西瓜嗜酸菌AAC00-1进行处理,通过流式细胞术(flow cytometry,FCM)和平板培养法分别检测菌体活性和可培养性。结果显示,不适宜的温度条件能够诱导西瓜嗜酸菌AAC00-1进入VBNC状态,其中55℃高温20和30 min的两个处理,所有活菌均进入VBNC状态。将处理后的AAC00-1接种西瓜子叶,接种植株未表现出果斑病症状,且不能从接种部位分离得到可培养菌体。表明本诱导条件下的VBNC状态A. citrulli菌体不能通过短时间活体接种复苏。本研究分析了西瓜嗜酸菌在不适宜温度条件下进入VBNC状态的能力,为解析病害可能的初侵染来源提供了理论依据,对葫芦科作物果斑病防控具有重要的生产实践意义。     

龙眼DCL4的亚细胞定位分析及其对外源ABA和SA的响应

为了研究DlDCL家族中DlDCL4基因在龙眼中的功能,本研究通过氨基酸序列比对、系统发育进化树的构建、亚细胞定位验证、实时荧光定量PCR（qPCR）等方法,对其进行初步探究。结果表明：遗传进化分析显示,DCL4氨基酸序列在所选的物种间相似度高于50%,其中龙眼与甜橙（Citrus sinensis）的亲缘关系最近。在激光共聚焦显微镜观察下,洋葱细胞核发出绿色荧光,其他部位不发出荧光,表明龙眼DCL4蛋白定位于细胞核中。在24 h内,100 μmol/L的外源脱落酸（ABA）对 DlDCL4都有极显著的下调效果;100 μmol/L的水杨酸（SA）对其表达量有显著的上调效果,其中8 h时表达量最大,提示 DlDCL4对不同激素的响应效果不同且不同处理时长下响应效果也会有影响。     

甜菜种子活力的测定——基于近红外高光谱技术

为保证田间甜菜种子的出苗率和生产潜力,需要在种植前对种子进行活力检测,挑选出活力高的甜菜种子进行推广种植。利用高温处理法对甜菜种子进行老化处理,再基于标准正态变换(SNV)、去趋势校正(DET)、Savitzky-Golay平滑处理(SG)、一阶差分(1D)和二阶差分(2D)5种近红外高光谱预处理方法,构建种子活力智能检测模型得出预测的种子发芽率,再利用老化处理后的甜菜种子进行发芽实验得出实际的发芽率。研究发现,甜菜种子经过一阶差分预处理建立的智能检测模型预测性能最好,其预测准确率达到91.92%。将未处理的甜菜种子的实际发芽率与一阶差分预处理法建立的智能模型预测结果进行对比,发现模型的预测准确率为88.2%。近红外高光谱技术是一种快速、无损的作物种子活力测定的新方法。