土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展

土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。     

东北黑土区土壤退化及水土流失研究现状

东北黑土区严重的水土流失破坏了宝贵的黑土资源,危及当地群众的生产生活条件,恶化了生态环境,制约了当地经济社会的可持续发展,对我国的粮食安全构成了严重威胁。当前黑土区土壤退化及水土流失研究的领域主要集中在:现状研究、影响因素研究以及土壤侵蚀研究。在概述当前黑土区土壤退化及水土流失研究概况的基础上,指出应该加强研究的领域在于综合性的水土流失研究,融雪侵蚀模拟,先进的土壤侵蚀预报模型应用等方面。     

Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China

In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland.     

Relationship between greenhouse gas emissions and changes in soil gas diffusivity in a field experiment with biochar and lime

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from arable soil while maintaining productivity is a major challenge for agriculture. Biochar is known to reduce N₂O emissions from soil, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. This study examined the impact of green waste biochar (20 Mg ha^?1) and lime (CaCO₃; 2 Mg ha^?1) application on soil gas transport properties and related changes in these to soil N₂O and CO₂ emissions measured using automated chambers in a field experiment cropped with maize. In situ soil water content monitoring was combined with laboratory measurements of relative soil gas diffusion coefficient (D_p/D₀) at different matric potentials, to determine changes in D_p/D₀ over time. Cumulative N₂O emissions were similar in the control and lime treatment, but much lower in the biochar treatment. Cumulative CO₂ emissions decreased in the order: lime treatment > biochar treatment > control soil. When N₂O emissions were not driven by excess N supply shortly after fertilisation, they were associated with D_p/D₀ changes, whereby decreases in D_p/D₀ corresponded to N₂O emissions peaks. No distinct pattern was observed between CO₂ emissions and D_p/D₀. Cumulative N₂O emissions were positively related to number of days with D_p/D₀ < 0.02, a critical limit for soil aeration. These results indicate that improved soil gas diffusivity, and hence improved soil aeration, may explain the effect of biochar in reducing N₂O emissions. They also suggest that knowledge of D_p/D₀ changes may be key to explaining N₂O emissions.     

土壤培肥过程中氯离子累积与分布规律研究

以陕西杨凌杜寨村为中心,沿南、西、北3条辐射线分别采取耕层和剖面土样,探讨土壤中Cl^-的累积与垂直分布情况,揭示受人类生活影响历史较长的杜寨村农田土壤中Cl^-的累积状况与迁移规律。结果表明,在半干旱偏湿润气候地区,由于受自然环境因素和人为因素的强烈影响,Cl^-在村庄附近的土壤耕层呈现出累积趋势,随着离村庄距离的增加而明显减少;土壤剖面上Cl^-的含量随着土壤深度的增加也逐渐减少;Cl^-在土壤耕层虽然表现出一定的累积趋势,但累积量并不高,暂时不会影响作物的产量和品质。     

土壤润湿性受土壤特性及土地使用的影响

Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered.     

设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究

以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。     

土壤侵蚀与土壤肥力

对土壤侵蚀与土壤肥力概念进行了阐述,分析了两者之间的关系,指出土壤侵蚀与土壤肥力之间的作用是相互的,侵蚀造成土壤肥力的丧失,而土壤肥力的丧失反过来又加剧侵蚀作用的加强.在此基础上,提出了治理土壤侵蚀和培育土壤肥力时应注意的问题与治理方法.     

土壤可蚀性研究现状及展望

<正> 土壤可蚀性(soil erodibility)是指土壤是否易受侵蚀破坏的性能,也就是土壤对侵蚀介质剥蚀和搬运的敏感性。与侵蚀营力一样,土壤可蚀性是影响土壤侵蚀量大小的又一个重要因子。在水土保持学科中,我国习惯上把“水”和“土”并列使用,而国际上则用“soil loss”、“soil erosion”、“soil conservation”或“soil and water conservation”等术语。显然,土壤是水土保持学科的重点。另一方面,土壤侵蚀营力等是土壤流失过程中的外部因素,而土壤性质才是内在因素,因此,水土保持学科中核心的也是重要的问题,应该是土壤保护。土壤可蚀性研究在水土保持研究工作中具有重要意义,国际上把土壤可蚀性研究一直作为水土保持学科研究的重要内容之一。     

长期化肥有机替代对黑土颜色及腐殖物质的影响

基于30年长期定位试验,通过测定黑土光谱反射率和不同腐殖质组分含量,探究了不同施肥对黑土土壤腐殖质含量、土壤颜色及二者之间的关系。试验设置5个处理:(1)休耕(Fallow);(2)不施肥处理(CK);(3)单施化肥(NPK);(4)有机肥部分替代化肥(NPKM);(5)秸秆部分替代化肥处理(NPKS)。结果表明:与NPK处理相比,Fallow、NPKS、NPKM分别显著提高49.7%,74.3%,27.0%的土壤有机碳含量(p<0.05)。NPKM处理中胡敏酸(HA)含量最高为3.9 g/kg,随后依次为CK、NPKS、NPK、Fallow。NPKM、NPKS和Fallow处理中土壤富里酸(FA)含量为2.2~2.3 g/kg,显著高于NPK和CK。NPKM处理中胡敏素(HM)含量为18.6 g/kg,显著高于其他处理(p<0.05)。不同处理间土壤光谱反射率由高到低依次为NPK>Fallow、CK>NPKS>NPKM,与CK处理相比,NPK土壤光谱反射率在平均提高6.5%,NPKS和NPKM则分别降低11.1%和15.1%。根据线性相关分析结果,黑土土壤光谱反射率与土壤HAHM均呈显著负相关关系(p<0.01),相关系数(r)分别为-0.858,-0.681。综合上述结果,长期有机物料投入可以显著提高黑土腐殖物质含量,降低黑土光谱反射率,使黑土颜色加深,而长期化肥施入则使黑土光谱反射率提高,出现"褪色"现象,有机粪肥在黑土中对土壤有机质和腐殖质含量的提升效果优于秸秆。     

土壤干密度和含水率对2种紫色土抗剪强度的影响

选择广泛分布于重庆丘陵山区的钙质紫色土和中性紫色土2种土壤,通过室内三轴剪切试验测定含水率和干密度交互作用对土壤抗剪强度指标的影响。结果表明:(1)在相同干密度情况下,2种土壤粘聚力(c)随着含水率增加呈现出先增加后减小的趋势,在相同土壤含水率水平下,土壤粘聚力(c)随干密度增大而增大;2种土壤内摩擦角(φ)在各干密度条件下均随着含水率增加呈明显减小的趋势。(2)含水率和干密度的交互作用对粘聚力(c)有显著影响,粘聚力(c)随着干密度的增大而增大,且每一个干密度都有一个含水率与之对应,并在此交互条件下c达到最大。钙质紫色土粘聚力(c)在干密度为1.7g/cm3,含水率为11%时达到极大值,此时粘聚力(c)为154.59kPa,中性紫色土粘聚力(c)在干密度为1.6g/cm3,含水率为8%时达到极大值,此时粘聚力(c)为126.38kPa。(3)含水率和干密度的交互作用对内摩擦角(φ)影响相对较小,同一干密度下,其φ值差异不大,随干密度的增大缓慢增大,相对而言,含水率对内摩擦角(φ)的影响更明显。钙质紫色土内摩擦角(φ)随含水率的增大呈曲线下降,中性紫色土内摩擦角(φ)随含水率增大有一个短暂的增大过程,而后随之迅速减小。     

论水土、水土生态与水土生态保持

在论述水土在陆地生态系统中的地位和作用的基础上,提出了水土生态的概念,认为植被与水土不可分割的整体观念是水土生态的重要特征。同时,对水土生态保持的含义作了新的定义,并将水土生态保持划分为四大类型,即生态型、自然型、生产型、建设型。从水土生态的高度,从源头上、要素的联系中去认识和防治水土流失,是一种主动的、有机的、整体的水土保持观念,是水土保持认识观的深化和发展,将使水土生态保持事业进入一个崭新的时代。     

Responses of Soil Microbial Community Structure and Activity to Incorporation of Straws and Straw Biochars and Their Effects on Soil Respiration and Soil Organic Carbon Turnover

Like straw, biochar incorporation can influence soil microorganisms and enzyme activities and soil carbon(C) responses; however,few studies have compared the various effects of straw and biochar and the underlying mechanisms. An experiment was performed to study the changes in soil respiration(SR) and soil organic C(SOC) fluxes in response to the incorporation of three kinds of straw(reed, smooth cordgrass, and rice) and their pyrolyzed products(biochars) at Chongming Island, China. In addition, the microbial activity and community structure of some amended soils were also analyzed to clarify the mechanisms of these responses. The results showed that all biochar incorporation(BC) induced lower SR than the corresponding unpyrolyzed straw incorporation(ST), and the average SR in the soils following BC and ST during the experimental periods was 21.69 and 65.32 μmol CO_2 m~(-2)s~(-1), respectively.Furthermore, the average SOC content was 16.97 g kg~(-1) following BC, which was higher than that(13.71 g kg~(-1)) following ST,indicating that compared to ST, BC was a low-C strategy, even after accounting for the C loss during biochar production. Among the BC treatments, reed-BC induced the lowest SR(17.04 μmol CO_2 m~(-2)s~(-1)), whereas smooth cordgrass-BC induced the highest SR(27.02 μmol CO_2 m~(-2)s~(-1)). Furthermore, in contrast with ST, BC significantly increased the abundance of some bacteria with poorer mineralization or better humification ability, which led to lower SR. The lower easily oxidizable C(EOC) and higher total C contents of biochars induced lower SR and higher SOC in the soil following BC compared to that following ST. Among the BC treatments,the higher total nitrogen content of rice biochar led to significantly higher soil microbial biomass, and the lower EOC content of reed biochar led to lower soil microbial activity and SR.     

Arsenic in field‐collected soil solutions and extracts of contaminated soils and its implication to soil standards

Large concentrations of arsenic in soils, sediments, and freshwaters require risk assessment across the Central Alps and other regions. We measured arsenic concentrations in soil samples collected from 38 sites located in the Austrian Central Alps that had been contaminated due to mining and smelter activities and geogenic mineralization. Medians and ranges of arsenic concentrations (in mg kg^—1) in the soil solid phase were: 77.1 (1—3000) for the total (As_t), 19.2 (0—726) for (NH₄)₂C₂O₄‐extractable (As_o), 2.35 (0—169) for (NH₄)₂HPO₄‐extractable (As_p), and 0.143 (0—11.1) for (NH₄)₂SO₄‐extractable (As_s) arsenic. Arsenic concentrations in soil solutions (As_sol) collected from organic surface layers and mineral horizons at five selected sites using suction cups fitted with nylon membranes ranged from 0 to 171 μg l^—1. Typically, the prevailing species of As in the soil solution was As(V). As_sol was correlated with As_s (As_sol = 0.279 + 15.6 As_s; r² = 0.938; n = 17) and As_t (As_sol = 1.272 + 0.043 As_t; r² = 0.833; n = 17). Using these empirical models, As_sol can be predicted quite accurately based on extraction with 0.05 M (NH₄)₂SO₄ or total arsenic concentrations in the soil. Linking these models to drinking water standards (DWS) we propose soil standards for freshwater protection that vary for As_s (mg kg^—1) between 0.62 (for DWS = 10 μg l^—1 WHO) and 3.19 (for DWS = 50 μg l^—1). Corresponding standards for As_t (mg kg^—1) are 203 (DWS = 10 μg l^—1) and 1133 (DWS = 50 μg l^—1). These considerations demonstrate that changes in legislation on DWS may have dramatic impact on As concentrations in soil that are acceptable for groundwater protection.     

渭北旱塬侵蚀退化土壤生产力的恢复与评价

土壤侵蚀会降低生产力,威胁农业生产,因此,对土壤生产力进行恢复和评价具有重要意义。通过人工剥离熟土层,模拟研究不同侵蚀程度下的土壤生产力,选取施肥和覆盖表土2种恢复措施,对其土壤生产力的恢复情况展开研究并进行评价。结果表明:1)土壤侵蚀能够使土壤的理化性状恶化,施肥和覆土均能很好地改善土壤密度和孔隙度等,并能够增加土壤有机质及其他养分的质量分数。2)土壤侵蚀会降低作物产量,在不施肥下,每侵蚀1cm熟土层,玉米产量平均下降1.27%,施肥下每侵蚀1 cm熟土层,玉米产量比对照平均增加0.87%;而每覆盖1cm熟土层,玉米产量平均增加0.91%,但并不能完全补偿侵蚀造成的产量损失。3)利用土壤生产力指数模型(PI模型)计算出了不同措施下的生产力指数,发现:无肥下侵蚀的生产力指数最低,平均每侵蚀1 cm熟土层,生产力指数下降2.17%,施肥下平均每侵蚀1 cm熟土层,生产力指数比无肥增加1.09%,而平均每覆盖1 cm熟土,生产力指数增加1.29%;表明覆土较施肥更易提高土壤生产力。4)对产量和生产力指数进行相关性分析,得出二者具有很好的正相关关系,说明用生产力指数来衡量土壤生产力的高低是可行的。     

土壤抗蚀抗冲性研究综述

该文是对土壤抗蚀抗冲性与其内在性质研究历史和特点的综述,并提出了今后研究的方向。     

植被恢复下土壤结构与功能的关系

通过查阅有关土壤结构和土壤功能的国内外文献,对土壤结构和土壤功能的研究进展、土壤结构稳定性指标以及土壤结构的研究方法进行了阐述;讨论了土壤结构与土壤的作物生产功能、土壤水库功能、土壤碳库功能、土壤基因库功能等的关系;并对激光共聚焦扫描技术在土壤结构与孔隙特征分析中的应用及数字图像处理技术的应用如何反映土壤孔隙的真实状况,加强对土壤结构及其功能的定量关系研究等方面提出了展望。     

Soil compaction and soil management – a review

Soil compaction is an important component of the land degradation syndrome which is an issue for soil management throughout the world. It is a long standing phenomenon not only associated with agriculture but also with forest harvesting, amenity land use, pipeline installation, land restoration and wildlife trampling. This review concentrates on the impact of soil compaction on practical soil management issues, an area not previously reviewed. It discusses in the context of the current situation, the causes, identification, effects and alleviation of compaction. The principal causes are when compressive forces derived from wheels, tillage machinery and from the trampling of animals, act on compressible soil. Compact soils can also be found under natural conditions without human or animal involvement. Compaction alters many soil properties and adverse effects are mostly linked to a reduction in permeability to air, water and roots. Many methods can be used to measure the changes. In practical situations, the use of visual and tactile methods directly in the field is recommended. The worst problems tend to occur when root crops and vegetables are harvested from soils at or wetter than field capacity. As discussed by a farmer, the effects on crop uniformity and quality (as well as a reduction in yield) can be marked. By contrast, rendzinas and other calcareous soils growing mainly cereals are comparatively free of compaction problems. The effect of a given level of compaction is related to both weather and climate; where soil moisture deficits are large, a restriction in root depth may have severe effects but the same level of compaction may have a negligible effect where moisture deficits are small. Topsoil compaction in sloping landscapes enhances runoff and may induce erosion particularly along wheeltracks, with consequent off‐farm environmental impacts. Indirect effects of compaction include denitrification which is likely to lead to nitrogen deficiency in crops. The effects of heavy tractors and harvesters can to some extent be compensated for by a reduction in tyre pressures although there is concern that deep‐seated compaction may occur. Techniques for loosening compaction up to depths of 45 cm are well established but to correct deeper problems presents difficulties. Several authors recommend that monitoring of soil physical conditions, including compaction, should be part of routine soil management.     

大力开展水土保持 综合防治风沙

大力开展水土保持综合防治风沙周文智（中华人民共和国水利部，北京１００７６１）我国是受风沙危害严重的国家之一，沙漠沙地面积大、分布广，不仅有大面积的内陆沙漠沙地，而且还有沿海、河岸、湖周沙地。据１９９２年水利部公布的最新遥感普查结果，我国受风力侵蚀的面...