黄土高原丘陵区枣和酸枣叶脉序特征分析

为了研究枣(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)和酸枣(Z.jujuba var.spinosa)叶脉序的关系,选用黄土高原丘陵枣区的枣(55个)、酸枣(28个)和过渡型(7个)共计90个样品,利用LEAF GUI叶脉序分析技术,测定了叶脉密度(VLA)、叶脉间距离(IVD)和节点数(Nodes)等14个指标,主成分分析选出8个枣叶脉序特征指标,研究了枣和酸枣叶脉序指标特点及特征。结果表明,在干旱、贫瘠生境中生长的酸枣,其叶脉间距离(0.094 mm)、网眼面积(2.84×10~(-4)mm~2)和节点数(17 823个)都显著低于黄土高原丘陵区枣园栽培条件下的枣(p0.05),而酸枣的叶脉密度(7.14 mm·mm~(-2))显著高于栽培条件下的枣,表现出很高的生态适应性。并且,枣叶脉序特征指标的变异系数范围(15.24%～74.69%)大于酸枣(20.37%～52.84%)。因此,枣和酸枣可以通过权衡叶脉序指标之间的关系,采取不同的适应策略。酸枣相比枣,更倾向于选择高叶脉密度、低网眼面积、低节点数的适应策略。对陕北样品聚类分析,在相似系数为1.8时,分为I、II两大类群;对黄土高原丘陵区的样品聚类分析,在1.69时,分为I、II两大类群,分别为酸枣和枣,过渡型在两个类群中都有。说明酸枣经过渡型向枣的演化,也说明叶脉序可以区分枣和酸枣。而栽培枣被分为4个类群,相似系数为1.29,种间结构较为复杂,是由长期的人工选择和营养繁殖模式所决定。     

半干旱黄土丘陵区不同土地利用类型植物物种多样性研究

【目的】为了更好地利用半干旱黄土丘陵区的土地资源,促进该区域植被恢复,提高生物多样性,使区域生态环境有所改善。【方法】以半干旱黄土丘陵区龙滩流域的植被为研究对象,对该流域11种典型的土地利用类型(2种农地、自然荒草地、人工牧草地、撂荒草地、灌木林地、5种乔木林地)的植被物种组成和多样性进行了调查研究。【结果】流域内共调查到种子植物56科166属254种,其中裸子植物门3科7属13种,占流域总科、总属、总种的5.36%、4.22%、5.12%;被子植物门53科159属241种,占流域总科、总属、总种的94.64%、98.78%、94.88%。在被子植物门中,双子叶植物纲有50科134属205种,单子叶植物纲有3科25属36种,两纲物种分别占流域总种数的80.71%和14.17%,占该门物种总种数的85.06%和14.94%。不同土地利用类型植被多样性分析结果表明,物种丰富度表现为农地物种丰富度低,人工牧草地、撂荒草地和灌木柠条林地居中,乔木林地(山杏、山毛桃、油松、侧柏、青杨)和天然荒草地高;物种多样性表现为马铃薯农地的物种多样性低,覆膜农地、人工牧草地、撂荒草地及灌木柠条林地居中,自然荒草地和乔木林地比较高;物种均匀度表现为农地、撂荒草地、人工牧草地及灌木柠条林地的均匀度高,自然荒草地居中,乔木林地低。【结论】不同土地利用方式和植被演替恢复时间差异是产生植被多样性差异的基础,也是该区域植被恢复和物种多样性保护需要考虑的重要要素。     

Breaking the ice: the introduction of biofouling organisms to Antarctica on vessel hulls

1. Few reports exist that describe marine non‐native species in the Southern Ocean and near‐shore waters around the Antarctic continent. Nevertheless, Antarctica's isolated marine communities, which show high levels of endemism, may be vulnerable to invasion by anthropogenically introduced species from outside Antarctica via vessel hull biofouling.
2. Hull surveys of the British Antarctic Survey's RRS James Clark Ross were undertaken between 2007 and 2014 at Rothera Research Station on the Antarctic Peninsula (Lat. 67°34'S; Long. 68°07'W) to investigate levels of biofouling. In each case, following transit through scouring sea‐ice, over 99% of the vessel hull was free of macroscopic fouling communities. However, in some surveys microbial/algal biofilms, balanomorph barnacles and live individuals of the cosmopolitan pelagic barnacle, Conchoderma auritum were found in the vicinity of intake ports, demonstrating the potential for non‐native species to be transported to Antarctica on vessel hulls.
3. Increasing ship traffic volumes and declining duration of sea ice in waters to the north and west of the Antarctic Peninsula mean the region may be at increased risk of non‐native species introductions. Locations at particular risk may include the waters around popular visitor sites, such as Goudier Island, Neko Harbour, Whalers Bay, Cuverville Island and Half Moon Island, and around northern peninsula research stations.
4. Simple and cost‐effective mitigation measures, such as intentionally moving transiting ships briefly through available offshore sea ice to scour off accessible biofouling communities, may substantially reduce hull‐borne propagule pressure to the region. Better quantification of the risk of marine non‐native species introductions posed by vessel hulls to both Arctic and Antarctic environments, as sea ice patterns and shipping traffic volumes change, will inform the development of appropriate regional and international management responses.

Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Responses of plant community to the linkages in plant-soil C:N:P stoichiometry during secondary succession of abandoned farmlands,China

Succession is one of the central themes of ecology;however,the relationship between aboveground plant communities and underground soils during secondary succession remains unclear.In this study,we investigated the composition of plant community,plant-soil C:N:P stoichiometry and their relationships during secondary succession after the abandonment of farmlands for 0,10,20,30,40 and 50 a in China,2016.Results showed that the composition of plant communities was most diverse in the farmlands after secondary succession for 20 and 50 a.Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen contents slightly decreased after secondary succession for 30 a,but both were significantly higher than those of control farmland(31.21%-139.10%and 24.24%-121.21%,respectively).Moreover,C:N ratios of soil and microbe greatly contributed to the changes in plant community composition during secondary succession of abandoned farmlands,explaining 35.70%of the total variation.Particularly,soil C:N ratio was significantly and positively related with the Shannon-Wiener index.This study provides the evidence of synchronous evolution between plant community and soil during secondary succession and C:N ratio is an important linkage between them.     

Integrated rice management simultaneously improves rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency in various paddy fields

The hilly area of Southwest China is a typical rice production area which is limited by seasonal droughts and low temperature in the early rice growth period. A field experiment was conducted on three typical paddy fields (low-lying paddy field, medium-elevation paddy field, and upland paddy field) in this region. Nitrogen (N) treatment (180 kg N ha^-1 year^-1) was compared to a control treatment (0 kg N ha^-1 year^-1) to evaluate the effects of integrated rice management (IRM) on rice growth, grain yield, and N utilization. Integrated rice management integrated raised beds containing plastic mulch, furrow irrigation, and triangular transplanting. In comparison to traditional rice management (TRM), IRM promoted rice tiller development, with 7-13 more tillers per cluster at the maximum tillering stage and 1-6 more tillers per cluster at the end of tillering stage. Integrated rice management significantly increased the rice aboveground biomass by 34.4%-109.0% in different growth periods and the aboveground N uptake by 25.3%-159.0%. Number of productive tillers significantly increased by 33.0%, resulting in a 33.0% increase in grain yield and 8.0% improvement of N use efficiency (NUE). Grain yields were significantly increased in all three paddy fields assessed, with IRM being the most important factor for grain yield and productive tiller development. Effects of paddy field type and N level on N uptake by aboveground plants were reflected in the rice reproductive growth period, with the effects of IRM more striking due to the dry climate conditions. In conclusion, IRM simultaneously improved rice yield and NUE, presenting a valuable rice management technique in the paddy fields assessed.     

生长环境及收获期对野鸦椿属植物三萜类化合物含量的影响

【目的】研究不同生境和收获时间对圆齿野鸦椿不同部位总三萜类化合物积累的影响情况,为其药用价值和科学栽培的研究奠定基础。【方法】选择3个低海拔地区的8年生圆齿野鸦椿,分别于2014年11月和2015年3月采集其叶片、枝条和果实,选择高海拔地区6年生的野鸦椿和圆齿野鸦椿,于2014年8月分别采其叶片和枝条,对其总三萜类化合物含量进行了测定和比较分析。【结果】1)8月采集的叶片中三萜类化合物的含量,野鸦椿高于圆齿野鸦椿,且其含量差异呈显著性水平;但是,8月采集的枝条中三萜类化合物含量,野鸦椿低于圆齿野鸦椿。2)圆齿野鸦椿不同部位的总三萜类化合物含量存在差异,且2个月份采集的含量高低顺序均为叶片>枝条>果皮>种子,均以叶片中的含量为最高,依次为9.06%(农大)、7.14%(清流)和6.85%(邵武)。3)11月采集的圆齿野鸦椿样品中的三萜类化合物含量高于3月所采样品中的含量,其叶片中的总三萜类化合物含量最多可提高172.91%。4)圆齿野鸦椿叶片、果皮和种子中的三萜类化合物含量与试验地的海拔高度、年降水量均表现出极显著的负相关关系,与年均气温存在极显著的正相关关系,其叶片中的三萜类化合物含量还与年均无霜期呈正相关关系,其枝条中的三萜类化合物含量与各地理和气象因素之间的相关性均不显著。【结论】圆齿野鸦椿的叶片采收期长于野鸦椿;低海拔、较少降水量和年均气温较高有利于圆齿野鸦椿植株对三萜类化合物的累积,这3个因子可以作为圆齿野鸦椿适宜栽培区域的划分指标;夏季采摘野鸦椿叶片,秋冬季采摘圆齿野鸦椿叶片,所采叶片的总三萜类化合物的含量均较高。     

A市低收入边缘群体特征及针对性减贫路径探讨

【目的/意义】随着脱贫攻坚进程不断深入,低收入边缘群体问题日益突出,通过分析低收入边缘群体特征及其存在的问题,探索更高效的帮扶手段,为其他经济发达地区提供借鉴。【方法/过程】基于A市249户低收入边缘群体的调查数据,运用文献法、问卷调查和重点访谈法等研究方式,研究调查低收入边缘群体脱贫攻坚落实情况。【结果/结论】基于对问题的分析,提出准确甄别低收入边缘群体,完善收入核准机制;充分挖掘社会资源,聚焦扶志立业工作;加强基础工作指导,提升基层干部信心;涵养乡风文明,重塑家庭责任意识等对策建议。     

不同地区、不同部位羊驼毛品质性状的研究

本研究旨在了解不同地区、不同部位羊驼毛品质的差异，为羊驼选育及羊驼毛生产提供参考数据。采集新疆野生动物园、新疆阿勒泰、新疆阿克苏、山西、天津地区羊驼颌、颈、肩、侧、股、背、腹部位共636份毛样，进行平均纤维直径、毛丛长度、净毛率、单纤维强力、有髓毛含量、无髓毛含量等性状的测定，分析不同地区及不同部位毛品质性状的差异，并进行最小二乘分析。结果表明，不同地区羊驼毛平均纤维直径、白度、亮度、原毛油脂含量、净毛率、毛丛自然长度、单纤维强力、断裂伸长百分比、有髓毛含量、无髓毛含量均存在极显著差异（P<0.01）；不同取样部位羊驼毛纤维直径、原毛油脂含量、毛丛自然长度、单纤维强力、含杂率存在极显著差异（P<0.01），无髓毛含量和有髓毛含量存在显著差异（P<0.05）。以羊驼毛细度越细毛品质越优为准，结合单纤维强力、毛丛自然长度等性状，羊驼不同部位的毛纤维质量从高到低依次为：背、侧、股、肩、颈、颌及腹部。在育种中可将提高无髓毛含量作为新疆羊驼毛细度的选育目标，将提高净毛率和单纤维强力作为山西、天津羊驼毛育种方向，同时可考虑提高羊驼颈、颌、腹部的无髓毛含量，以提高羊驼整体毛品质水平。     

黄土丘陵区不同土地类型下土壤养分特征—基于生态化学计量学

为探讨黄土丘陵区不同土地类型下土壤有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）、全磷（TP）含量特征，本研究以黄土丘陵区典型小麦地、云杉林地、苜蓿地为对象，基于实测数据，采用方差、相关统计分析，研究不同土地类型、不同土层深度（0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~40 cm、40~60 cm、60~80 cm、80~100 cm）土壤SOC、TN、TP含量及其化学计量比。结果表明：3种不同土地类型土壤SOC、TN和TP含量均随土层深度增加而降低，其平均含量分别为12.19、0.33和0.48 g·kg^-1，小麦地和苜蓿地土壤SOC、TN和TP空间变异性较云杉林地偏大。SOC、TN含量为云杉林地>小麦地>苜蓿地，TP含量为云杉林地>苜蓿地>小麦地。土壤SOC、TN和TP间均存在显著正相关关系。小麦地C/P显著（P<0.05）高出苜蓿地41.96%，N/P显著高出云杉林地、苜蓿地28.57%、36.19%。3种不同土地类型土壤化学计量比（C/N、C/P、N/P）均值分别为：39.61、31.53、0.83，且其C/N大于中国平均值（12.3），C/P、N/P较全国平均值（61.0、5.2）明显偏小，黄土丘陵区C/N较稳定。土地类型对土壤C、N、P含量及其化学计量比存在不同程度的影响，合理调整土地利用结构有助于土壤养分的存留，有利于土壤生态的恢复。     

遥感植被指数在重点国有林区“三总量”伐区检查中的应用研究——以对鹤立林业局的研究为例

以鹤立林业局为研究区域,以2007年"三总量"检查的TM遥感判读区划结果和抽样现地检查结果为基础资料,分析了同期遥感数据之间、不同年份遥感数据之间采伐地块的植被指数变化,以及不同采伐方式和不同采伐强度与植被指数变化的关系,为利用遥感数据进行"三总量"检查进行了有益的探索和实践。