茶园节能型开沟刀设计与试验

针对茶园机械化开沟减阻减耗需要,设计茶园节能型开沟刀,用于减小茶园开沟时的开沟功耗。通过理论分析确定节能型开沟刀侧切刃与正切刃曲线方程,通过离散元仿真方法确定侧切刃螺旋线终点处滑切角与正切刃在侧切刃平面内展开曲线终点处静态滑切角分别为62°、56°。对设计完成的节能型开沟刀进行田间试验,试验结果表明:在开沟深度为15、20、25 cm时,节能型开沟刀的开沟功耗分别为0.093、0.107、0.128 kW,均小于对照组通用开沟刀的开沟功耗,说明设计的节能型开沟刀在各个开沟深度均能够达到降低开沟功耗的目的。此外节能型开沟刀在不同开沟深度的沟深稳定性系数均大于90%,高于国家标准和对照组通用开沟刀试验结果,说明设计的节能型开沟刀在降低作业功耗的同时,可保证开沟质量。     

200CS伴能在直播水稻上施用效果试验研究

Perennial live paddy planting rice on the basis of conventional fertilization, by basal + can, tillering, closed herbicide + company + can, can (20% less nitrogen) basal + partner, 100% of nitrogen in the whole stages base + can with different processing, performance from the growth of rice, rice tillering, leaf chlorophyll value, yield and increasing costs, unit yield inceement, VCR, etc, with increasing can improve rice leaf chlorophyll content, promote rice tillers, makes the rice growth, significantly increase rice yield and output value, according to labor saving, has demonstrated and value.     

云南省甘蔗收获机械推广难点及策略分析

根据云南省推广甘蔗收获机械的实际情况,从农户层面探究推广中存在的主要问题,分析宣传推广效果不佳的具体原因,从多个角度提出增强推广应用效果的可行性建议,为促进甘蔗收获机械在云南地区的应用提供参考。     

Glacier mass balance in High Mountain Asia inferred from a GRACE release-6 gravity solution for the period 2002–2016

We provide estimates of glacier mass changes in the High Mountain Asia (HMA) area from April2002 to August 2016 by employing a new version of gravity solutions of the Gravity Recovery and ClimateExperiment (GRACE) twin-satellite mission. We find a total mass loss trend of the HMA glaciers at a rateof –22.17 (±1.96) Gt/a. The largest mass loss rates of –7.02 (±0.94) and –6.73 (±0.78) Gt/a are found forthe glaciers in Nyainqentanglha Mountains and Eastern Himalayas, respectively. Although most glaciers inthe HMA area show a mass loss, we find a small glacier mass gain of 1.19 (±0.55) and 0.77 (±0.37) Gt/a inKarakoram Mountains and Western Kunlun Mountains, respectively. There is also a nearly zero massbalance in Pamirs. Our estimates of glacier mass change trends confirm previous results from the analysisof altimetry data of the ICESat (ICE, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite) and ASTER (AdvancedSpaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) DEM (Digital Elevation Model) satellites inmost of the selected glacier areas. However, they largely differ to previous GRACE-based studies which weattribute to our different post-processing techniques of the newer GRACE data. In addition, we explicitlyshow regional mass change features for both the interannual glacier mass changes and the 14-a averagedseasonal glacier mass changes. These changes can be explained in parts by total net precipitation (netsnowfall and net rainfall) and net snowfall, but mostly by total net radiation energy when compared to datafrom the ERA5-Land meteorological reanalysis. Moreover, nearly all the non-trend interannual masschanges and most seasonal mass changes can be explained by the total net radiation energy data. The massloss trends could be partly related to a heat effect due to increased net rainfall in Tianshan Mountains, QilianMountains, Nyainqentanglha Mountains and Eastern Himalayas. Our new results for the glacier mass changein this study could help improve the understanding of glacier variation in the HMA area and contribute tothe study of global change. They could also serve the utilization of water resources there and in neighboringareas.     

Dietary β‐carotene improves growth performance and antioxidant status of juvenile Piaractus mesopotamicus

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary synthetic β‐carotene on growth performance, haematological and immunological parameters, energy reserves and antioxidant status of juvenile fish Piaractus mesopotamicus. Two hundred and ten fish (12.24 ± 2.98 g) were fed with a control extruded feed (CEF) and the same diet supplemented with β‐carotene (BEF) for 90 days. A higher weight gain and specific growth rate were found in fish fed BEF in comparison with those fed CEF. In addition, BEF‐fed fish showed lower liver somatic index and a higher percentage of eosinophils. No statistical differences were found in energy reserves, except for plasma triglycerides which decreased in fish fed with BEF. Regarding oxidative stress markers, decreased activities of antioxidant enzymes were found in intestine and gills of BEF‐fed fish (SOD and GST, respectively). In the liver, both LPO levels and CAT activity decreased in fish fed with BEF. Additionally, lower brain LPO levels without changes in the antioxidant enzymes were observed in BEF‐fed fish. The inclusion of dietary synthetic β‐carotene improved growth and antioxidant status, and had a plasma triglyceride‐lowering effect in juvenile P. mesopotamicus.     

新疆生产建设兵团第四师71团玉米密植高产全程机械化生产技术模式发展调研

从种植品种、种植密度与种植方式、机械化作业和收储烘干等环节对新疆生产建设兵团第四师71团场玉米生产技术的发展进行调研。分析表明,71团场位于西北灌溉玉米区,通过规模化、标准化生产和统一作业管理,以密植增产为基础、子粒收获为核心、绿色防控与秸秆还田为保障构建的玉米密植高产全程机械化绿色生产技术,实现了高产和高效的协同提高与绿色可持续生产。经农业农村部专家指导组田间测产验收,2012年、2014年和2017年连续创造16701 kg/hm^2、18414 kg/hm^2和18447 kg/hm^2的全国玉米大面积(700 hm^2)高产纪录,净利润在15000元/hm^2以上,为现代玉米生产树立了成功的模式和样板。     

玉米脱粒破碎率关键影响因子及其最优预测模型研究

子粒破碎率高是当前中国玉米机械收获子粒的重要限制因素,解析破碎率变化原因,建立其简便预测模型是需要解决的重要问题。本文采集7个玉米品种在3个种植密度下组合的果穗,在不同子粒含水率梯度条件下开展单穗脱粒试验。种植密度在6万～9万株/hm2范围内对子粒破碎率没有影响,品种、子粒的含水率、抗侧压碎力和穿刺强度等的影响均达到统计显著水平。品种对破碎率变化的偏贡献率为12.7%,且品种的偏贡献率子粒含水率的偏贡献率抗侧压碎力的偏贡献率穿刺强度的偏贡献率,种植密度的偏贡献率接近于零。破碎率的最优预测因子是穿刺强度,预测模型:破碎率=10.25×0.990穿刺强度,满足破碎率不高于5%约束的穿刺强度值不得低于60 MPa。研究结果可为玉米破碎率预测、宜机收玉米新品种培育与鉴定、脱粒机具设计与制造提供数据支撑和技术参考。     

吉林省西部地区滴灌条件下宜机械粒收玉米品种筛选

确定宜机械粒收的玉米品种是构建吉林省西部旱作补灌区玉米丰产增效技术模式的重要内容之一。2018年和2019年在吉林省西部地区开展滴灌条件下宜机械粒收玉米品种的筛选试验,测定38个玉米品种的收获子粒含水率和产量,并按玉米子粒含水率和产量水平采用双向平均法作图进行品种分类。结果表明,本研究初步筛选出5个滴灌条件下宜机械粒收玉米品种,分别是迪卡159、福莱77,稷秾108、吉农大889和优迪919。根据品种综合性状分析,吉农大889较优,其次为迪卡159,可以作为适宜吉林省西部滴灌条件下丰产高效栽培的推荐品种。     

赤眼鳟和麦瑞加拉鲮的化学组成、能量密度及对鳜的营养价值

为评价赤眼鳟(Squaliobarbus curriculus)和麦瑞加拉鲮(Cirrhinus mrigala)对鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)的营养价值,分别测定了体质量为(5.27±1.03)g的赤眼鳟、(5.05±1.21)g的麦瑞加拉鲮和(5.19±0.92)g的鳜的化学组成,估算了这3种鱼的能量密度,以探讨赤眼鳟代替麦瑞加拉鲮养殖鳜的可行性。结果显示,赤眼鳟和麦瑞加拉鲮的全鱼蛋白质含量显著高于鳜,水分显著低于鳜(P0.05),必需氨基酸指数分别高达92.56%±2.31%和93.17%±0.36%,多数必需氨基酸的化学评分≥0.82。而赤眼鳟的脂肪和能量密度更高,显著高于麦瑞加拉鲮和鳜,灰分显著低于麦瑞加拉鲮(P0.05)。研究表明,这两种鱼对鳜都具有较高的营养价值,但赤眼鳟的营养价值更高,以赤眼鳟代替麦瑞加拉鲮养殖鳜是可行的,这为转变鳜的养殖方式提供了参考。