船舶噪声声压级对大黄鱼幼鱼游泳、摄食行为及免疫生理指标的影响

通过录制大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)产卵场附近船舶航行时的噪声,并以此为刺激源,以大黄鱼幼鱼为实验对象,研究了船舶噪声声压级对大黄鱼幼鱼游泳、摄食行为及免疫生理指标的影响。研究发现,当噪声声压级<60 dB时,幼鱼趋避游泳行为不强烈;但随着声压级增大,开始呈现出不同强度的趋避行为,依次表现出:游泳速度加快、鱼与鱼之间及鱼与桶壁之间发生碰撞、瞬间反应无序、跳跃等行为;当声压级>200 dB时,刺激2 min后就出现了死亡个体。在120 dB和150 dB短期单次和多次刺激下,幼鱼血浆中的皮质醇、血糖、血红蛋白和乳酸这4个与应激相关的生理指标均显著上升,其中皮质醇、血糖和乳酸上升幅度尤为明显。另外,皮质醇单次刺激后即达到峰值,而多次刺激后反而较单次刺激有所下降;血糖、血红蛋白和乳酸则具有累加效益,多次刺激要高于单次刺激。在120 dB长期(30 d)刺激下,幼鱼生长明显减缓,血浆中部分免疫指标(免疫球蛋白M,干扰素-α,白介素-1β和肿瘤坏死因子-α)明显降低,肠道菌群也发生显著变化,突出表现为部分益生菌如芽孢杆菌、乳杆菌等相对丰度明显降低。摄食行为影响方面,研究发现幼鱼能准确识别噪声源的位置,并具有一定的记忆性。研究结果揭示了船舶噪声对大黄鱼幼鱼的危害,可为今后制定大黄鱼产卵场的保护措施提供数据支撑。     

Assessing appetite of the swimming fish based on spontaneous collective behaviors in a recirculating aquaculture system

In order to realize the real-time appetite-based feeding in aquaculture, a novel and practical method, based on the quantification of the spontaneous collective behaviors, was proposed in this study to assess the real-time appetite of the swimming fish in a recirculating aquaculture system. First, foreground feature points of fish school were extracted using an improved complex network. Then, covariance, a modified social force model and a kinetic energy model were used to analyze the collective behaviors of the school from perspectives of dispersion degree, interaction force and the changing magnitude of the water flow field, respectively. Finally, the quantified behavioral characteristics were integrated and used to assess the appetite of fish school. The presented method shows its good performance in the expression of the collective behaviors representing five typical appetites (0.01, 0.52, 1.28, 2.26 and 2.92), and the assessing accuracy of the appetite of the school is also maintained at a low non-match rate ((2.19 ± 0.81)% best) in the context of ten different sampling durations.     

The Influence of Stable Management and Feeding Practices on the Abnormal Behaviors Among Stabled Horses in Malaysia

The present study aimed to provide preliminary data on the prevalence of oral stereotypic, locomotory stereotypic, and redirected behaviors as well as their associations with stable management and feeding practices. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 207 working horses used for leisure riding, equestrian sport, polo, endurance, and patrolling were selected from seven equine facilities. Data on the stable management and feeding practices were obtained through the stable records, interviews, and on-site monitoring visits, whereas the prevalence of abnormal behaviors in the studied population was determined using the instantaneous scan sampling method. Most horses in the present study worked for more than 8 hours per week (n = 93). In addition, more horses were fed three times per day (n = 65) with different amounts of hay, concentrate, and chaff. Among the study population, oral stereotypic behaviors had the highest prevalence (n = 281; 54%), followed by redirected behavior (n = 181; 34%), and locomotory stereotypic behaviors had the lowest prevalence (n = 63; 12%). The oral stereotypic behavior was found to be significantly influenced (P < .05) by the working hours, amount of hay, and amount of concentrate. Both locomotory stereotypic and redirected behaviors were found to be influenced (P < .05) by the number of feedings per day and the amount of hay. In summary, the present study has proven that the stable management and feeding practices could influence the prevalence of different abnormal behaviors in the majority of working horses, with oral stereotypy being the most common abnormal behavior in this country.     

DEM在林火行为模拟中的应用

林火行为具有时间和空间特征,利用DEM(Digital Elevation Model)对林火行为进行3维模拟是一个很有前景的研究方向。本研究利用ArcView实现DEM数据源的提取、模型转换,通过林相图和地形图的配准,将影响林火蔓延的可燃物因子与DEM结合,进行效果图显示,为林火行为的3维模拟进行了有益的实践。     

人工环境下棘腹蛙(Paa boulengeri)非繁殖期摄食行为的研究

2009年9月26日—10月6日对人工养殖环境棘腹蛙(Paa boulengeri)非繁殖期摄食行为进行了观察。结果显示:非繁殖期,棘腹蛙幼蛙早于成蛙出来觅食,雄蛙早于雌蛙出来觅食;棘腹蛙摄食高峰期出现在19:00—20:00。在整个摄食过程中,棘腹蛙的行为可划分为静止、跳跃、转向、捕食、侵占、驱赶、打斗、爬行。棘腹蛙幼蛙与成蛙、雌性成蛙与雄性成蛙之间在摄食行为上存在差异,其中幼蛙与成蛙之间在跳跃、转动、捕食、侵占、驱赶、打斗行为上存在显著差异(P<0.05);成年雌蛙与雄蛙之间在侵占、驱赶、打斗行为上存在显著的差异(P<0.05)。     

旅华欧洲游客旅游决策行为模式研究——以西安入境欧洲游客为例

研究以国家自然科学基金项目支持的入境旅游市场调查数据为基础,以入境游客旅游决策行为为切入点,通过对西安入境欧洲游客的问卷调查,对其旅游决策行为及其影响因素进行分析研究,对西安欧洲旅游客源市场的拓展提出针对性的建议和对策。     

大众行为与种植设计——以元大都城垣遗址公园“大都建典”景观为例进行简要分析

本文通过对元大都遗址公园大都建典景观区域内,人们活动行为的科学观察,简要评析了此景观区域的优劣,提出一些建议,意在通过植物配置解决一些问题。     

母猪与仔猪的声音联系及互作

声音是母猪与仔猪沟通的桥梁,也是其生存小环境的一部分。笔者概述了猪听觉的形成原理、声音的特征、母猪与仔猪间声音的联系及声音对断奶仔猪生产性能和行为的影响,为进一步缓解断奶应激、提高猪的生产性能寻找新的路径。     

水稻农药施用强度及其影响因素研究 ——基于粮食主产区农户调研数据

 【目的】研究农民种植水稻的农药施用强度及其影响因素,为引导农民合理施用农药提供思路和实证依据。【方法】基于安徽省粮食主产区的实地调研数据,利用Tobit模型实证分析农户水稻种植农药施用强度及其影响因素。【结果】不同农户之间农药施用强度差异较大,是否雇工施药、病虫害预防措施、农药施药设备、家庭收入结构、病虫害信息服务、农民的健康意识等是影响农户农药施用强度主要因素。【结论】培育壮大社会化统防统治服务组织、健全公益性病虫害监测预警和信息传播体系、加大植保机械研发和补贴力度、发展基于病虫害控制和残留的粮食市场、扩散基于农民社区的病虫害预防措施、同时通过加强健康知识宣传普及引导农民合理施药等是降低农药施用强度的优先政策选择。     

农民合作社农户风险共担认知和行为分析

利益共享、风险共担是农民合作社实现规范化建设的基础,但合作社利益分配向核心成员倾斜的现象比比皆是,根据权责利相统一的原则,究其根本是普通成员即社员农户风险共担不足。为促进合作社的规范化建设,找出合作社社员农户风险共担不足的原因,从认知和行为两个维度判断农户风险共担不足是认知不够还是行为缺失,并在此判断的基础上,采用相关性分析和有序Logistic回归分析,找出影响农户风险共担行为的因素。结果表明,风险共担认知和行为不显著相关,认同与合作社风险共担的农户占83.33%,但有65.75%的普通社员农户没有采取资本风险共担行为,合作社的风险主要由核心社员承担。导致农户风险共担不足的原因不是农户的风险共担认知水平不高,而是农户自身资源有限,即收入水平较低、合作社中占股较少和身份边缘化是其采取风险共担行为的主要障碍。并且,合作社成员账户的缺失会直接导致农户不采取风险共担行为。因此,建议合作社在吸纳社员时注重其资本参与以促进成员之间均衡发展,并规范合作社的财务管理,为每个成员建立规范的成员账户。