哺乳母猪泌乳力的影响因素及提高措施

1提高母猪泌乳力的意义1.1提高仔猪断奶窝重母猪的泌乳力是哺乳母猪生产性能的直接体现,母猪泌乳量的多少,直接影响哺乳仔猪的生长发育,进而影响仔猪的断奶窝重。而仔猪的断奶窝重是一个非常重要的选种指标,它与猪的产仔数、初生重、哺育率、哺乳期增重和断奶个体重等主要繁殖性状均呈正相关。因此,提高母猪的泌乳力,可以提高仔猪的断奶窝重。     

仔猪出生重越重 断奶体重也越重

本研究揭示了仔猪出生重和断奶重对猪养殖者的收益有极大影响。因此，衡量母猪生产性能的主要指标是母猪能否生产出有较重初生重和断奶重的仔猪。在市场中，以较重的初生重和断奶重起步的仔猪成为影响经济效益的主要因素。     

仔猪初生重对断奶窝重的影响

提高猪的增重速度首先要从仔猪初生重、断奶重抓起 ,要取得仔猪窝重高的结果 ,除了抓好泌乳母猪的饲养管理、发挥母猪良好的泌乳性能外 ,做好仔猪补料、抓旺食、过好断奶关及疾病的预防工作是关键。1　试验材料与方法1 .1　试验猪随机选用 1 8窝“杜长上”初生仔猪 ,饲养 3 5日龄断奶。泌乳母猪、仔猪分别用申兰集团饲料厂生产的泌乳母猪料和乳猪料。母猪产前一周进产房待产 ,母猪采用高床单体限位栏 ,两侧为仔猪活动空间并配有保暖小间。1 .2　试验猪的饲养管理1 .2 .1　对临产前母猪后躯、乳房部位及分娩床面用0 .1 %高锰酸钾溶液擦拭消毒…     

早期断奶仔猪蛋白质营养与蛋白质饲料研究进展

为了提高母猪的生产性能及饲养母猪的经济效益,养猪场普遍采用仔猪早期断奶.但是,早期断奶常常给仔猪带来营养、环境及猪群社会结构等方面的应激反应,严重危害仔猪生长发育.本文将结合早期断奶仔猪生理特点,论述其蛋白质营养方面的研究进展.     

早期断奶仔猪的营养调控

在猪生产中，最关键的一环是仔猪生产，特别是早期断奶仔猪生产。仔猪早期断奶是国内外集约化养猪生产中普遍关注的先进技术，能提高母猪的繁殖率，减少由母体向仔猪的疾病传播，并能提高生长期的生产性能和胴体品质。目前养猪业发达国家已经开始推广应用１４日龄超早期断奶技术。但仔猪早期断奶时受心理、环境和营养应激的影响，常表现为食欲差，消化功能紊乱、腹泻、生长迟滞、饲料利用率低等所谓的“仔猪早期断奶综合症”。引发的主要原因是营养应激。早期断奶仔猪的成活率和生产性能与猪品种、日粮养分、饲养管理、疾病防治等方面有关，…     

皖南花猪不同头型母猪繁殖性能比较研究

皖南花猪按头型可分为狮子头型、马脸型和桩头型,为研究皖南花猪母猪不同头型母猪间的繁殖性能差异,研究通过整理安徽省皖南花猪保种场以往数据,现场记录等方法,统计皖南花猪不同头型经产母猪(370窝)的窝产仔数、窝产活仔数、初生窝重、35日龄窝断奶仔猪数和35日龄断奶窝重等繁殖性能指标,并进行比较分析。结果如下:皖南花猪马脸型母猪窝产仔数、窝产活仔数、仔猪初生窝重、35日龄断奶仔猪数、35日龄断奶窝重均显著高于狮子头型及桩头型母猪(P0.05);皖南花猪桩头型母猪在窝产仔数、窝产活仔数、仔猪初生窝重等繁殖性能上优于狮子头型母猪,但在35日龄断奶窝重这一指标中低于狮子头型母猪。研究表明皖南花猪马脸型母猪繁殖性能与狮子头型、桩头型母猪相比更为优异,为皖南花猪种质资源保护与开发利用提供了一定的参考依据。     

种母猪的饲养管理方案

为了促进母猪生产更多的健康仔猪和获得较高的仔猪断奶体重,进而为生产提供理想的生产猪基数,需要改善种母猪管理方案和提高饲养水平,为充分挖掘种母猪生产性能奠定基础。     

影响母猪产仔数的因素分析

通常衡量母猪群生产性能的指标是每头母猪每年提供的断奶仔猪数 ,主要有两部分组成 ,即年母猪产仔窝数和母猪每窝的断奶仔猪数。据生产实践 ,有许多因素影响着母猪的生产性能。年母猪断奶仔猪数年母猪产仔窝数— (妊娠期、哺乳期、空怀期 )窝断奶仔猪数断奶前死亡数窝产活仔数     

麦饭石对猪生产性能的影响

选择临产母猪40头、断奶仔猪和育肥猪各100头,对2%麦饭石添加于猪饲料中进行饲喂试验,结果表明,母猪产仔成活率增加22.12%;断奶仔猪日增重提高49.29%,饲料报酬提高52.00%;4月龄育肥猪日增重提高34.44%,饲料报酬提高34.37%。所以,麦饭石能有效提高猪的生产性能,是猪的良好补充剂。     

仔猪断奶重的研究与应用

仔猪断奶重是衡量母猪繁殖性能和仔猪生产性能的重要指标。影响仔猪断奶重的原因有很多,如母猪胎次、母猪繁殖力、公猪精液品质、早期补饲、疾病和生产管理等。文章主要对饲料及其添加剂和生产管理等方面对仔猪断奶重影响进行概述,为进一步提高仔猪断奶重提供理论参考。     

The development of the relationship between sow and piglet in the domestic pig--a sociobiological observation

The nursing and suckling behaviour of the domestic pig is a complex social behavioural interaction aimed to ensure the milk flow from the sow to the piglets. Ultimately caused theoretical frameworks from basic ethology and/or sociobiology are increasingly used to explain such social behavioural patterns. The present paper gives a short survey of ethophysiological aspects of the nursing and suckling behaviour in domestic pigs and, thereafter, discusses the development and consequences of some parts of the suckling behaviour and the maternal lactation performance in terms of a possible parent-offspring and weaning conflict. It is concluded that--additional to proximately caused mechanisms--the ontogeny of domestic pigs can be interpreted with such principles. In housing systems allowing the animals more control over their behaviour (e.g. their investment) ultimate causes should be more considered. Especially the pathways on which the ultimate strategies become effective via proximate mechanisms do not seem to be understood in total and require specific research. However, it is suggested that effective improvements of welfare, health and productivity can only be reached with the knowledge and integration of both ultimate and proximate causes of behaviour.     

Repeated handling of pigs during rearing. I. Refusal of contact by the handler and reactivity to familiar and unfamiliar humans

Pigs housed in groups received different handling treatments for 40 d until slaughter age. Pigs of the human interaction (HI) and refusal of contact (RC) groups were individually introduced into a pen each day, where they remained for 3 min in the presence of a squatted handler. The handler tried to increase progressively physical reciprocal interactions with the HI pigs using eye and body contact and voice. The handler remained immobile and avoided eye contact and use of voice with RC pigs. These pigs were pushed away when they touched the handler. Control pigs remained in their home pens. Over sessions, HI pigs progressively increased physical interactions with the handler, up to 35% of their time. The RC pigs were motivated to interact with the handler as they tried to establish physical contact with the handler throughout the experiment. They increased levels of locomotion, rubbing, immobility, and snout contact with the wall, suggesting that they were frustrated by the refusal of contact. At the end of the experimental period, all pigs were subjected to three human exposure tests, where pigs were exposed to the handler and two other persons, one of which was unfamiliar, in a Latin square design. During this test, behavior of the humans was the same as for the RC treatment. The HI pigs discriminated between the handler and the other persons as indicated by their increased approach behavior towards the handler. Part of the prior handling experience was generalized to other humans as indicated by higher levels of proximity of HI and RC pigs with the different persons compared with controls. Physical contact with the human was associated with increased heart rates. Two possibilities are that these two characteristics are part of a general behavioral/physiological reactive profile, or that contact with humans provokes an arousal or emotional response. Despite this, behavioral data show that pigs are motivated to be in physical contact with a handler, even when the handler consistently refuses contact.     

梅山猪与西方猪生长性能和胴体特性的比较研究

综述了梅山猪与西方猪生长性能和胴体特性的比较研究.结果表明梅山猪主要以生长性能差和脂肪组织高度发育为特性,梅山猪与西方猪相比,具有显著较低的日增重、采食量和瘦肉组织百分率以及较高的饲料转化率和背膘厚度,但梅山猪的肉质优于欧洲猪的.     

Production performance and pruritic behaviour of pigs naturally infected by Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis in a contact transmission experiment

Reports on the effects of mange on the production performance of pigs are conflicting. So far, studies have used experimental infections, by depositing encrusted lesions from chronically infected pigs into the ears of experimental pigs. However, this is a poor representation of what happens under natural field conditions. The purpose of our study was to quantify the effects of sarcoptic mange on production performance and pruritus in pigs that were infected by contact with S. scabiei var. suis-infected pigs. A total of 80 piglets were matched by sex and weight and randomly divided between experimental and control compartments. In the experimental compartment, each of three naturally S. scabiei var. suis-infested pigs were randomly allocated to three pens with 13 susceptible pigs each. From day 0 to 35, the growth performance of pigs in the experimental compartment was significantly (P=0.04) worse (35 g/d) than of pigs in the control compartment. From day 35 to 112, there was a statistical trend (P=0.10) that the growth performance of pigs in the experimental compartment was lower (50 g/d) than that of pigs in the control compartment. For the complete fattening period (0-112 or more days), the growth performance of pigs in the experimental compartment was significantly (P=0.05) worse (41 g/d) than that of pigs in the control compartment. Mean feed conversion ratio (kg feed per kg gain) was 2% higher in the experimental compartment compared with the control compartment. Pigs in the experimental compartment had a nine times (95% CI: 2 - 44) higher chance of showing pruritic behaviour than pigs in the control compartment.     

杜洛克与长鲁烟杂交猪肥育性能及胴体肉品质研究

研究测定了不同性别杜长鲁烟三元猪的生长肥育性能、胴体性能及肉品质。结果表明：生长性能以杜长鲁烟阉公猪稍高,平均日增重比杜长鲁烟母猪提高1.08%（P〉0.05）;不同性别杜长鲁烟猪的胴体性能和肉质性状差异不显著,其中,平均背膘厚、脂肪率和骨骼率都以杜长鲁烟阉公猪较高,分别比杜长鲁烟母猪提高13.00%（P〉0.05）、19.18%（P〉0.05）和1.03%（P〉0.05）;瘦肉率以杜长鲁烟母猪较高为66.90%,比杜长鲁烟阉公猪提高3.10%（P〉0.05）。背最长肌17种氨基酸含量两者间差异不显著。氨基酸总量、鲜味氨基酸含量、必需氨基酸含量、鲜味氨基酸占总氨基酸比例和必需氨基酸占总氨基酸比例都以杜长鲁烟阉公猪组较高,分别比杜长鲁烟母猪组提高1.62%（P〉0.05）、1.75%（P〉0.05）、1.76%（P〉0.05）、0.16%（P〉0.05）、0.15%（P〉0.05）;4种脂肪酸含量两者间差异不显著。     

Assessing familial aggregation of paratuberculosis in beef cattle of unknown pedigree

The objective of this study was to assess genetic similarity of beef cattle using microsatellite markers and to use this information to describe familial aggregation of paratuberculosis test results in Texas beef cattle. Paratuberculosis testing was performed on 2622 adult beef cattle using two commercially available serum ELISAs and radiometric fecal culture. Pedigree records were collected for registered purebred herds and herds with sufficiently detailed production records to identify parent-offspring pairs. Cases were defined as cattle with at least one positive paratuberculosis test result. Three controls were matched by herd of residence for each case. All parent-offspring pairs, cases, and controls were genotyped for 12 microsatellites. Bayesian analysis of allele frequency data was used to describe population substructure and assign individual cattle into groups of genetically similar cattle. The proportion of known parent-offspring pairs assigned to the same cluster was used to assess the validity of the approach to identify familial structure. Conditional logistic regression was used to describe the association between cluster assignment and paratuberculosis test-status matched by herd. Nine clusters of genetically similar individuals were identified and were supported by the proportion of parent-offspring pairs assigned to the same clusters. Increased odds of having at least one positive paratuberculosis test result were identified for two clusters compared to the cluster with the lowest proportion of positive paratuberculosis test results after conditioning on herd. The results of this study demonstrate that population substructure can be used to describe familial aggregation of paratuberculosis test results in beef cattle of unknown pedigree.     

四川6个地方猪种的育肥和胴体性能以及肉质和风味物质比较研究

为了研究四川地方猪的种质特性,本试验测定了成华猪、雅南猪、青峪猪、内江猪、丫杈猪和凉山猪6个纯种地方猪的肥育性能、胴体性能、肉质常规理化指标和代谢组(滋味物质和挥发性风味物质)相关肉质指标。结果:丫杈猪的日增重、料重比、屠宰率和眼肌面积均显著或极显著地优于成华猪(P<0.01或P<0.05),油酸+亚油酸和己醛+壬醛含量极显著高于成华猪和雅南猪(P<0.01);90 kg体重时的成华猪和雅南猪肌肉中硬脂酸极显著高于其他地方猪种(P<0.01),主要鲜味氨基酸含量则显著或极显著低于其他猪种(P<0.01或P<0.05),且两猪种背膘均随屠宰体重增加明显增厚(P<0.01或P<0.05)。研究结果表明,丫杈猪综合性能最好,而成华猪和雅南猪肉质风味相对较差,且通过提高屠宰体重方式并不能改善肉质。     

Reproductive and growth performance in Jin Hua pigs cloned from somatic cell nuclei and the meat quality of their offspring

Somatic cell cloning is expected to be a valuable method for conserving genetic resources in pigs. In this study, we compared the reproductive and growth performance of Jin Hua cloned pigs with that of naturally bred Jin Hua pigs. In addition, we generated offspring from the cloned sows and examined the productivity and quality of meat in the progeny. The birth weights and growth rates of somatic cell-cloned pigs were similar to those of Jin Hua pigs. The cloned pigs reached puberty very early, and this is typical of the Jin Hua breed. Furthermore, reproductive performance, in terms of traits such as gestation period, litter size, and raising rate in the cloned pigs were similar to Jin Hua pigs. Although the offspring of the cloned (OC) pigs had lower birth weights than the Jin Hua breed, the daily weight gain of the OC pigs was significantly higher, especially at the finishing stage. The carcass quality of the OC pigs had similar characteristics to the Jin Hua breed, namely thick back fat and a small loin area. Furthermore, the meat qualities of the OC pigs were similar to those of Jin Hua pigs in terms of intramuscular fat content and tenderness. These results demonstrate that cloned pigs and their offspring were similar to the Jin Hua breed in most of the growth, reproductive, and meat productive performances. This strongly suggests that pigs cloned from somatic cell nuclei have the potential to be a valuable genetic resource for breeding.     

Potential use of ground brown rice for weanling pigs

The purpose of the current study was to assess the effects of substituting corn with ground brown rice on growth performance, immune status, and gut microbiota in weanling pigs. Seventy-two weanling pigs (28 d old with 6.78 ± 0.94 kg body weight [BW]) were randomly allotted to two dietary treatments with six pens and six pigs (three barrows and gilts) per pen within a randomized complete block design. The control pigs were fed a typical diet for weanling pigs based on corn and soybean meal diet (control diet: CON), and the other pigs were fed a formulated diet with 100% replacement of corn with ground brown rice for 35d (treatment diet: GBR). Growth performance, immune status, and gut microbiota of weanling pigs were measured. The substitution of corn with GBR did not affect growth performance or diarrhea frequency. Additionally, there were no differences in white blood cell number, hematocrit, cortisol, C-reactive protein, and serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels between pigs fed CON or GBR for the first 2 wk after weaning. However, weanling pigs fed GBR had lower (P < 0.05) serum transforming growth factor-beta 1 level than those fed CON. Furthermore, weanling pigs fed GBR had increased (P < 0.05) relative abundance of phylum Firmicutes and genus Lactobacillus and Streptococcus and decreased (P < 0.05) relative abundance of phylum Bacteroidetes and genus Clostridium and Prevotella in the gut microbiota compared with those fed CON. In conclusion, there was no significant difference in growth performance when corn was replaced with ground brown rice in diets for weanling pigs. Furthermore, the substitution of corn with ground brown rice in weaning diet modulated immune status and gut microbiota of pigs by increasing beneficial microbial communities and reducing harmful microbial communities. Overall, ground brown rice-based diet is a potential alternative to corn-based diet without negative effects on growth performance, immune status, and gut microbiota changes of weanling pigs.     

Performance measured in pigs with pneumonia and housed in different environments

During an investigation of poor growth performance, rate of weight gain and feed efficiency were studied in pigs with pneumonia. During the study, pigs either were housed in an improved environment or remained at their home farm. In both environments, rate of gain tended to decrease in association with increasing severity of pneumonia. When pigs with similar extent of lung lesions were compared, growth performance of pigs housed in the improved environment was better than that of pigs on the home farm. However, growth performance of pigs with pneumonia affecting greater than 20% of lung tissue was equally poor in either environment. When type of housing and extent of pneumonia were included in a model for analysis of variance, housing had a highly significant (P = 0.003) effect on rate of gain, and pneumonia had a nonsignificant effect.