山核桃仁碱法脱涩工艺研究

为探索一种利用NaHCO₃对山核桃仁脱涩的碱法脱涩工艺,基于综合了脱涩率与感官评分的响应值,通过单因素试验和响应面试验优化其工艺参数,并对比碱法脱涩与传统的沸水脱涩对山核桃仁游离酚、结合酚含量,以及过氧化值、碘值、酸价等指标的影响。结果显示:优化后的碱法脱涩工艺参数为脱涩温度65 ℃,脱涩时间100 min,NaHCO₃质量分数5%,固液比(g·mL^-1)1∶15。在此条件下,山核桃仁的脱涩率为92.04%,感官评分为9.2分,响应值为75.47。与沸水脱涩相比,碱法脱涩既能去除苦涩味,又能更大限度地保留山核桃仁中的结合酚,减少油脂、脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸的氧化,从而更好地保持山核桃仁的品质。     

栽培介质、pH值和氮形态对毛竹幼苗地上部分生长的影响

为进一步明确毛竹幼苗无土栽培的最佳条件,阐明毛竹N形态响应差异的影响因素,加快毛竹实生苗的培育.研究超纯水、砂和蛭石3种栽培介质,2 mM不同N形态(NH4+-N、NO3--N)以及3种pH值(3.8、5.8、7.8)处理对毛竹幼苗地上部的苗高、叶片数、叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)及地上部生物量的影响.结果表明:在蛭石和水培时,毛竹生长表现出明显的喜铵性,并且在pH为3.8时生长最好;而砂培时,毛竹幼苗生长对NH4+-N和NO3--N以及pH的响应差异都不明显.相关性分析结果表明,对地上部生长的影响为:栽培介质>pH值>N形态.毛竹幼苗生长及对不同N形态的响应受外界环境条件影响,在蛭石中栽培,供应NH4+-N为主、pH值为3.8的营养液,其生长最好.研究结果可为毛竹幼苗的无土栽培和繁育提供理论参考.     

A field experiment on stabilization of Cd in contaminated soils by surface-modified nano-silica (SMNS) and its phyto-availability to corn and wheat

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Cd-contaminated soil is a common environmental problem. Stabilization is an effective way of in situ remediation for Cd contamination in soils, but there is a lack...     

巨龙竹林分结构及物种多样性特征

调查滇西南巨龙竹在2017—2019年的年龄、直径、密度等林分结构因子,并对其植被组成、物种多样性进行分析.结果表明:巨龙竹林分干龄分布、丛立竹密度分布均呈右偏缓峰状;竹丛年龄分布、直径分布均呈左偏聚集状.2017—2019年林分逐年向更高龄、更大径阶、更高丛立竹密度的范围分布,除2018年、2019年的直径分布差异不显著,其余结构特征在各生长季间均呈极显著差异(P<0.01).利用威布尔分布拟合其直径、丛立竹密度分布的效果优于其余分布模型(直径的R2>0.93,密度的R2>0.99).竹冠投影面积与竹蔸面积、丛立竹干数均呈极显著高度正相关(P<0.01,R>0.75),与平均胸径、年龄的相关性较弱(R<0.30).林分共计植物种类73种,隶属于39科67属,其中乔木层以巨龙竹为绝对优势植物;灌木层无优势植物;草本层以多羽凤尾蕨为优势植物;层间植被以荜拔、异形南五味子为优势植物.物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数在各林下植被层中变化一致,各指数由高到低依次为灌木层、草本层、层间植被.灌木层、草本层的植物物种数均随调查样方面积增大而增加,可用自然对数转化线性方程反映其种-面积关系(R>0.97).当调查面积分别为210.25、90.25 m2时,其样方内可涵盖林分85％的灌木、草本植物种类,且后续数量变化趋势不明显.     

木麻黄与根系微生物关系研究进展

木麻黄是我国沿海防护林基干林带中的主栽树种，与土壤中的微生物可以形成共生关系，提高自身耐干旱、抗贫瘠、抗盐碱等适应恶劣环境的能力。土壤中的细菌和真菌能够与木麻黄根系形成稳定的相互作用的微生态系统，其中微生物主导的物质代谢循环是植物获取营养的主要来源之一，反之木麻黄的根系分泌物可以为微生物的生长提供养分。文中综述了木麻黄与根系微生物之间相互作用的相关研究，尤其是接种弗兰克氏菌（Frankia）及菌根菌提高木麻黄抗逆性方面的研究进展，对木麻黄与根系微生物体系的促生、抗逆机制进行了探讨和展望。     

Restricted nitrous oxide emissions by ammonia oxidizers in two agricultural soils following excessive urea fertilization

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Nitrogen (N) fertilizer placement in bands is a widely accepted agricultural practice to increase N use efficiency. An excessive ammonium concentration in a...     

利用重组自交系高密度遗传图谱定位水稻芽期耐冷QTL

为定位水稻芽期耐冷QTL,本实验以双季超级稻品种‘五丰优T025’的双亲‘五丰B’和‘昌恢T025’杂交衍生的重组自交系(recombinant inbred lines, RILs)群体为材料,对10℃低温处理的水稻幼芽的存活率、根数、根长和芽长进行了测定。利用QTL Icimapping v4.2软件,共检测到3个控制芽期耐冷性QTL：qRL1、qRL2和qBL6,分别位于第1、2、6染色体上,LOD值分别为2.98,2.51和5.26,分别解释表型变异的10.54%,8.67%和14.04%,其增效等位基因均来自于亲本‘昌恢T025’。这些QTL定位在6.75k~40.05 kb染色体区间,为后续利用这些QTL进行分子标记辅助,选育芽期耐冷籼稻新品种奠定了基础。此外,检测到13对影响水稻芽期耐冷上位性互作QTL,分布在所有12条染色体,其中第3染色体与第8染色体之间互作位点可解释的表型变异率达到21.77%,表明上位性互作QTL在调控水稻芽期耐冷过程中也发挥了重要作用。     

琯溪蜜柚园土壤酸化特征研究

【目的】为了研究蜜柚园土壤的酸化特征,从而为蜜柚园土壤改良提供参考依据。【方法】采集福建省平和县319个蜜柚园的土壤样品和25个蜜柚园土壤剖面表土层(0~20 cm)、亚表土层(20~40 cm)和底土层(40~60 cm)的土壤样品,分析了蜜柚园土壤pH值的分布特征、影响蜜柚园土壤酸化的因素和土壤pH值与盐基饱和度和交换性钙、交换性镁含量间的关系。【结果】平和县319个蜜柚园土壤pH值的变幅为3.26~6.22,其平均值为4.34,有89.97%的果园其土壤pH值低于柑橘生长适宜pH值的下限(pH为5.0),其中pH<4.5的强酸性果园占67.71%。25个蜜柚园剖面土壤pH平均值不同土层的高低顺序是表土层>亚表土层>底土层,与表土层土壤的pH值相比,亚表土层和底土层pH<4.5的土壤占比分别提高了50.00%和35.71%。土壤的酸化提高了土壤交换性氢、交换性铝的含量,相关分析结果表明,土壤pH值与土壤盐基饱和度及交换性钙、交换性镁含量间均呈极显著的正相关,说明酸化会减弱土壤的保肥能力,导致土壤钙、镁元素的缺乏。蜜柚园土壤的酸化程度随蜜柚树种植年限、土壤碱解氮含量及氮肥施用量、土壤有效硫含量的增加而降低。【结论】平和县蜜柚园土壤酸化现象严重,且园土亚表土层和底土层的酸化问题较表土层更为突出,氮肥和硫肥的过量施用是引起土壤酸化的原因。鉴于蜜柚园土壤的酸化特性,文中提出了降低果园氮素和硫素的投入、结合果园深翻改土施用碱性土壤改良剂、增施有机肥等防治蜜柚园土壤酸化的措施。     

Effects of fish meal replaced by fermented soybean meal on growth performance,intestinal histology and microbiota of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal (FM) with fermented soybean meal (FSM) and soybean meal (SM) on growth performance, intestinal histology and microbiota of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). The basal diet contained 350 g/kg FM (CON), and then, FM was replaced with SM and FSM at the ratios of 30% and 60% (SM‐30, SM‐60, FSM‐30 and FSM‐60), respectively. The largemouth bass (4.43 ± 0.13 g) were fed for 8 weeks. The results showed that weight gain of fish fed with FSM‐60 and SM‐60 diets was significantly lower, and feed conversion ratio of SM‐30, SM‐60 and FSM‐60 groups was significantly higher than the CON group (p < .05). The intestinal villus height of SM‐60 group and the villus width of SM‐60 and FSM‐60 group were significantly lower than the CON group (p < .05). The 30% FM replacement by SM and FSM significantly increased the abundance of Cetobacterium and Mycoplasma, respectively (p < .05). In conclusion, FSM could replace 30% FM in diet without negative impacts on the growth performance of largemouth bass, while the SM should be controlled below 30%.     

Partial replacement of fishmeal with Clostridium autoethanogenum single‐cell protein in the diet for juvenile black sea bream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii)

Clostridium autoethanogenum protein (CAP) is a single‐cell protein derived from ethanol production and may have potential to become a substitute for fishmeal in aquafeeds. A 70‐day feeding trial was conducted with black sea bream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii) (mean initial weight 6.03 ± 0.09 g) to evaluate partial replacement of fishmeal with CAP in diets. Seven isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated with graded levels of CAP (0, 4.85, 9.70, 14.55, 19.40, 38.80 and 58.20%) to replace fishmeal. The inclusion of CAP at all dietary levels tested did not significantly affect the growth performance (p > .05). Fish fed the CAP58.20% diet showed a significantly lower feeding rate, with significantly higher protein efficiency ratio and feed efficiency ratio compared with fish fed the other diets (p < .05). No statistical differences were found in dorsal muscle and whole‐body compositions. Total superoxide dismutase in serum of fish fed CAP58.20% diet was significantly lower compared with that of the control. Malondialdehyde, catalase, total antioxidant capacity and digestive enzyme activities revealed no significant differences among dietary treatments. Phosphorus retention efficiency significantly increased, and phosphorus discharge showed a downward trend with increasing CAP inclusion levels. In conclusion, the results indicated that CAP is a safe and effective alternative protein source, which can replace fishmeal in the diet of black sea bream up to 58.20%, without adverse effects on growth performance, antioxidation and digestive enzyme activity. This study has shown the potential of converting industrial waste into a high protein feed ingredient for aquafeeds.