茴香轮作调控土壤细菌群落缓解三七连作障碍的效应及机制

三七是我国特有的中药材，但连作障碍严重制约了其产业发展，轮作是生产上最常用且有效的缓解措施。本研究在三七收获后的土壤上轮作茴香，通过测定轮作土壤水浸液对三七存苗的影响来评价轮作对三七连作障碍的缓解效果，并从轮作对土壤细菌群落的影响方面深入阐释轮作缓解连作障碍的机制。结果表明，茴香轮作后的土壤水浸液可以显著提高三七的存苗率。土壤细菌分析表明，茴香轮作后土壤细菌群落发生了明显改变。细菌的丰富度增加，相对丰度>1%的优势菌门变形菌门Proteobacteria和放线菌门Actinobacteria的相对丰度呈增加趋势。属水平上，轮作茴香使66个属的相对丰度显著增加，其中相对丰度>0.2%的优势菌属有14个；30个属的相对丰度显著降低，其中优势菌属有8个，总体上看相对丰度显著增加的属多于显著降低的属。在相对丰度显著增加的优势菌属中包含常见的拮抗菌属假单胞菌属Pseudomonas和芽孢杆菌属Bacillus细菌。本研究也分离到2株假单胞菌和1株芽孢杆菌对三七根腐病菌腐皮镰刀菌Fusarium solani和Monographella cucumerina具有明显的拮抗活性。因此，轮作茴香可以改善三七连作土壤细菌群落结构，增加土壤中拮抗细菌的丰度，提高三七的存苗率。生产上利用茴香与三七轮作对缓解连作障碍具有一定潜力。     

Projections of temperature extremes based on preferred CMIP5 models:a case study in the Kaidu-Kongqi River basin in Northwest China

The extreme temperature has more outstanding impact on ecology and water resources in arid regions than the average temperature. Using the downscaled daily temperature data from 21 Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project(CMIP) models of NASA Earth Exchange Global Daily Downscaled Projections(NEX-GDDP) and the observation data, this paper analyzed the changes in temporal and spatiotemporal variation of temperature extremes, i.e., the maximum temperature(Tmax) and minimum temperature(Tmin), in the Kaidu-Kongqi River basin in Northwest China over the period 2020–2050 based on the evaluation of preferred Multi-Model Ensemble(MME). Results showed that the Partial Least Square ensemble mean participated by Preferred Models(PM-PLS) was better representing the temporal change and spatial distribution of temperature extremes during 1961–2005 and was chosen to project the future change. In 2020–2050, the increasing rate of Tmax(Tmin) under RCP(Representative Concentration Pathway) 8.5 will be 2.0(1.6) times that under RCP4.5, and that of Tmin will be larger than that of Tmax under each corresponding RCP. Tmin will keep contributing more to global warming than Tmax. The spatial distribution characteristics of Tmax and Tmin under the two RCPs will overall the same; but compared to the baseline period(1986–2005), the increments of Tmax and Tmin in plain area will be larger than those in mountainous area. With the emission concentration increased, however, the response of Tmax in mountainous area will be more sensitive than that in plain area, and that of Tmin will be equivalently sensitive in mountainous area and plain area. The impacts induced by Tmin will be universal and farreaching. Results of spatiotemporal variation of temperature extremes indicate that large increases in the magnitude of warming in the basin may occur in the future. The projections can provide the scientific basis for water and land plan management and disaster prevention and mitigation in the inland river basin.     

菜心重要农艺性状与SSR分子标记的关联分析

菜心是华南地区的主要蔬菜,利用分子标记辅助育种发掘出与重要农艺性状相关的分子,不仅可以加速优良品种的选育进程,还可以定向地优化目标性状,培育出高产优质的菜心品种。本研究选用148份来自宁夏银川和广东南沙田间种植的菜心种质材料,采集株高、株质量、薹高、薹质量和薹粗5个重要农艺性状的数据;利用SSR标记对其进行基因分型,开展农艺性状及SSR标记的关联性分析。结果表明,在供试的菜心材料中,147个SSR标记共检测到252个变异位点,引物多态信息含量(PIC)为0.0526~0.5222,平均值为0.3793;群体结构分析将供试的菜心品种分为2个类群;银川和南沙两地菜心品种在农艺性状和SSR标记的关联分析中发现,有6个位点与相同性状存在仍显著关联(P<0.01)。这些标记能为菜心的分子辅助选择育种提供参考。     

经济林良种推广现状及政策建议

经济林良种是经济林产业的“芯片”,是经济林生产优质、高产、高效的物质基础。完善经济林良种推广政策,是实现经济林产业高质量发展的根本保障。通过数据收集和整理,系统梳理全国经济林良种推广现状,指出经济林良种推广中还存在着良种使用率不高,经济林低产低效;部分经济林良种存在超范围推广;良种审定过多,结构性过剩和种植品种过多,对接生产加工不畅等突出问题。进而提出从以种植为目标的良种推广转变为以生产加工等市场需求为导向的良种推广思路。从优化良种供给、加强良种推广的宏观指导、强化科技支撑和宣传培训、实施经济林提质增效工程和充分发挥产业协会、创新联盟的作用等方面给出优化经济林良种推广的政策建议。     

乡村振兴背景下农产品直播带货的法律保障

农产品直播带货凭借诸多优势促进了乡村发展.根据不同类型对农产品直播带货类型进行区分,可将其划分为自主直播带货和他主直播带货,公益性直播带货和营利性直播带货,还有群众直播带货、明星直播带货和官员直播带货,平台自营型直播带货和平台非自营型直播带货.对农产品直播带货进行法律分析,发现公益性直播带货规制不足、直播带货统一采用强监管模式、农产品质量问题无法得到保证、消费者维权困难等诸多问题.需要完善相应公益广告法律法规,并对不同类型农产品直播带货从弱监管到强监管模式分类监管,保障农产品质量,并建立快捷纠纷解决渠道,来完善农产品直播带货的法律保障.     

多营养层次生态养殖模式简析

系统介绍了多营养层次生态养殖模式在淡水养殖及海水养殖中的应用与发展,对比了国内外有关该养殖模式发展方向的异同,简述了该养殖模式通过提高物质和空间利用率、改善养殖环境的原理以及在我国推广应用情况,并汇总了我国沿海省份近年来开展该养殖模式选用的品种搭配及产量产值。指出了多营养层次生态养殖模式还存在的问题,对今后发展提出了建议。     

Cuticular protein gene LmACP8 is involved in wing morphogenesis in the migratory locust,Locusta migratoria

Cuticular proteins(CPs) are major components of the insect cuticle-associated organs such as integument and wings, although the importance of CPs for wing development and function in hemimetabolous insects remains understudied. In the present study, a wing cuticular protein LmACP8 was identified from Locusta migratoria, which belongs to the RR-2 subfamily of cuticular protein RR consensus(CPR) chitin-binding proteins. LmACP8 was mainly expressed in the wing pads and showed high expression levels before ecdysis of third-, fourth-, and fifth-instar nymphs, with its encoded protein located in the procuticle of wing pads and adult wings. Depletion of LmACP8 by RNA interference markedly reduced the amount of its protein, which consequently caused abnormal wing morphogenesis in the transition from nymph to adult of L. migratoria. We further demonstrated that the abnormal morphogenesis was caused by severe damage of the endocuticle in the wings. LmACP8 was suppressed by 20-hydroxyecdysone(20 E) in vivo, however, its expression was significantly up-regulated after knocking down the hormone receptor gene LmHR39. Thus, the LmACP8 that is negatively regulated by the LmHR39-mediated 20 E signaling pathway is involved in wing development during the nymph to adult transition.     

天然植物生长调节剂芸苔素的生物活性及应用浅析

天然芸苔素属于甾体类植物内源生物活性物质,其骨架为甾醇,其中芸苔素内酯生物活性最强,被称为第六类植物激素,是高效、广谱、无毒的植物生长调节剂(PGR)。为更好地将芸苔素推广应用于农业生产,本文概括了芸苔素内酯的生物活性及在粮食、果蔬等作物上的应用。探讨了芸苔素内酯在提高种子活力,促进作物生长,大幅度促进产量提升以及品质改善,提升作物抗逆性,缓解农药对作物影响的研究概况及取得的进展,指出了芸苔素内酯的应用是作物增产增收的关键途径,同时,能够减少化肥、农药的施用量,减少作物种植成本与减轻环境污染,将带来显著的经济效益。     

镇江长江豚类省级自然保护区水域生态修复效果的监测与评价

自2006年以来,长江豚类极度濒危的生存状况得到广泛关注,在其自然保护区实施一系列生态修复工程,为镇江长江豚类省级自然保护区内的江豚提供良好的生存环境。于2015—2018年在和畅洲水域建设生态浮岛、人工鱼巢和放流底栖动物进行水域生态修复,对生态修复工程进行跟踪监测和效果评价。结果表明：生态浮岛的建设可提高区域内浮游植物和浮游动物的生物多样性和群落结构复杂程度;人工鱼巢对产黏性卵鱼类具有一定增殖效果,增殖种类主要为鲤、鲫、䱗和黄尾鲴;生态浮岛和人工鱼巢的建设对鱼类均有较好的聚集效果;底栖动物增殖放流显著增加了放流物种的丰度、生物量及保护区底栖动物群落生物量,增殖放流效果评价为中等。该自然保护区水域生态修复效果明显,为工程施工影响下水生生物保护区生态修复提供科学依据。     

中国饲料经济现状与营销模式转变之探

随着关键词结构性改革政策的不断推进，以及我国环保压力的不断增强，饲料行业面临着前所未有的挑战。本文以我国饲料行业为研究对象，进一步分析当前我国饲料行业的经济现状，深度挖掘目前行业的发展情况、市场宏观环境和政策背景等，并对比我国饲料行业与其他国家饲料行业的发展情况，得出目前我国饲料行业的发展困境。营销模式是企业经营发展的重点内容，高效、低成本的营销将为企业创造更大的收益，带来稳定的客源，可以说饲料企业的经济发展离不开良好的营销支持。但随着社会环境、技术发展的转变，饲料企业原有的营销模式已不能满足目前的市场环境，企业急需转变营销模式。因此，本文基于我国饲料行业的发展现状和营销模式的发展趋势提出饲料企业的营销模式转变路径，为我国饲料行业发展提供参考。 [关键词]中国饲料|经济现状|营销模式|转变