青岛市城阳区水产低碳养殖稳步推进

在低碳经济的大环境下，水产养殖的生态安全越来越受到人们关注和重视。青岛市城阳区渔业主管部门积极推广多营养层次立体生态养殖技术，稳步推进低碳水产养殖。一是积极推广浅海滩涂贝藻立体生态养殖技术。在胶州湾浅海滩涂采取海面发展条斑紫菜筏式养殖、海底底播菲律宾蛤仔的上藻下贝立体生态养殖模式。二是大力推广池塘立体生态养殖模式。积极引导养殖户进行虾蟹贝混养、     

对虾精细养殖和生态养殖相结合的复合养殖系统综述（下）

二、对虾精细养殖和生态养殖相结合的复合养殖系统的主要内容养殖过程生态能量转换效率和生态系统调控是水产养殖的核心问题。再好的理想养殖模式,如果没有可操作性及合理的经济效益就不会被养殖者接受。该复合系统主要着眼于在系统内建立多品种的不同营养级的养殖种类的合理组     

多重压力胁迫下近海生态系统与多营养层次综合养殖

近半个多世纪以来,在过度开发利用、气候变化(包括全球变暖和自然波动)以及环境污染等多重压力胁迫下近海生态系统发生了前所未有的变化,其中黄海大海洋生态系最具代表性。它主要表现在生物多样性和生态系统生产力的变化;生态系统产出质量下降,如个体较大、营养层次较高、重要的底层经济种类被个体较小、营养层次较低、中上层及经济价值低的种类所替代。研究分析表明,在多重压力胁迫下,近海生态系统及其变化受控于多因素作用的控制机制,导致生态系统变化的复杂性、不确定性,并难以甄别和管理。多营养层次综合水产养殖是应对多重压力胁迫下近海生态系统显著变化的一条有效的途径。文内论述了发展多营养层次综合养殖的科学基础,介绍了在黄海桑沟湾构建的多营养层次综合养殖模式及其效果,评估了多营养层次综合养殖的碳收支与生态服务功能。最后,在结语中指出:展望未来,多营养层次综合养殖模式的多样化发展需要特别予以关注,需要得到更多基础研究的支持。除了进一步加强养殖种类的生物学和区域生态学研究,还需要加强养殖生态系统的生物地球化学循环和水动力学过程研究,关注海洋酸化对养殖生物的影响,多营养层次综合养殖系统对海洋酸化的响应及其应采取的适应性对策。     

牡蛎的生态养殖

该文探讨了海水生态养殖的发展历程,并着重介绍了国内外牡蛎生态养殖的几种方式和案例,包括法国圣米歇尔湾牡蛎与大西洋舟螺混养、德国风力发电场与牡蛎养殖相结合、我国山东乳山"多营养层次综合养殖"、山东荣成桑沟湾"多营养层次生态养殖模式"、广东南澳牡蛎与龙须菜立体套养以及浙江温州高效生态循环养殖系统等,以期为今后牡蛎的生态养殖提供一定依据。     

海水养殖尾水综合治理工程——以山东烟台青鳞铺区域为例

以山东烟台青鳞铺区域海水养殖入海排污口综合整治项目为例，通过建设海水工厂化养殖尾水池塘梯度利用工程、池塘多营养层次生态养殖工程、池塘进排水控制工程、池塘养殖尾水生态处理工程、池塘岸堤绿化工程，打造海水养殖尾水梯度利用和现代生态渔业示范项目，提升了渔业基础设施质量，提高了水产养殖尾水生态处理能力，降低水产养殖对海洋环境的影响，保障水产养殖行业健康高质量发展。     

我国海参养殖产业现状、存在问题及对策探讨(上)

海参不仅具有重要的营养和药用价值,还在海洋物质能量循环中发挥着重要的生态学功能。它不仅是我国继鱼、虾、贝、藻四次海水养殖浪潮后的第五次海水养殖浪潮的主要品种之一,还是多营养层次综合养殖和海洋牧场增殖的主要品种之一。海参养殖业的蓬勃发展在促进沿海经济结构调整和渔民就业、增收的同时,也在海水养殖业绿色健康发展方面具有重要的生态价值。     

海水虾蟹环境适应与池塘生态工程化养殖

池塘养殖是我国海水养殖的传统方式，也是当前陆基海水养殖的主体。自20世纪70年代，海水池塘养殖经历了粗放式、半集约、集约化和多营养层次生态养殖的发展历程。然而，海水池塘养殖产业中仍存在养殖生物生态适应性机制不清、养殖系统产出不稳定、营养物质利用效率低等“瓶颈”问题，严重制约了海水池塘养殖产业的发展。因此开展海水养殖虾蟹良种与生态环境的互作机制解析，研发养殖生态系统结构优化和营养物质资源化高效利用技术，搭建养殖信息采集与智能化管控平台，创建生态工程化养殖新模式，实现养殖系统高效可持续产出，是我国海水池塘养殖产业绿色高质量发展的关键。     

海水池塘多营养层次健康养殖技术

正海水池塘多营养层次养殖模式即为通俗意义上的鱼、虾、贝混养,就是通过鱼、虾、贝的生理、生态的不同进行养殖,根据混养品种在栖息水层、食性和生活习性等方面的互补特点,进行水中养鱼、池底养虾、泥里养贝。多营养层次养殖模式是互相促进、生态互补的,是一种立体生态养殖模式,是典型的"碳汇渔业"。这种养殖模式不仅可以提高品种成活率、节省饲料成本、缩短养殖周期,还可以合理使用饵料,恢复池塘生     

浅谈我国海水养殖业面临的主要问题及对策

几十年来，经过三次浪潮的推动，我国初步形成了以海带、对虾和扇贝为支柱的海水养殖业。以海水鱼类养殖为代表的第四次浪潮正蓬勃兴起。由于长期以来存在重发展轻质量，重规模轻管理的倾向，海水养殖业中一系列不同层次的问题逐渐被暴露出来。发展海水养殖清洁生产、推广生态养殖模式、构建环境友好海水健康养殖体系是推进我国海水养殖业持续健康发展的重要途径。     

团头鲂全产业链健康养殖技术研究进展及展望

团头鲂是我国主要的淡水养殖鱼类之一，其具有食性广、养殖成本低、生长快、成活率高、易捕捞、易繁殖等特点，且具有味美、头小、含肉率高、体形好、规格适中等优点，深受消费者欢迎，在增加优质水产动物蛋白供应、提高全民营养健康水平、保障我国食物安全等方面做出了重要贡献。本文综述了团头鲂全产业链技术研究进展，包括新品种培育及育种技术、饲料营养需求调控及投喂技术、养殖应激与病害的生态防控技术、新型养殖模式、营养品质及加工技术等，提出了具有生产性能优、抗病抗逆性强和适于加工的团头鲂种质资源的挖掘，集约化健康养殖模式建立及精准营养供给、生态防控和高品质加工调理技术的研发等产业发展需求和研究方向，以期为团头鲂全产业链的绿色高质量可持续发展提供参考。     

贝类混养模式探索——贝、海藻、海胆的IMTA模式分析

如何有效控制养殖海区生态平衡是目前我国贝类养殖的难题之一。文章综述了贝、藻、海胆的多营养级综合水产养殖(integrated multi-trophic aquaculture, IMTA)模式,分析了混养物种之间的互利耦合机制,并阐述了推行此项技术的优势和难点。     

Social aspects of the sustainability of integrated multi-trophic aquaculture

A pilot project in the Bay of Fundy, Canada, is growing kelps, mussels, and salmon in an integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) system. Biological and economic results are positive, but social acceptability is also a critical component of aquaculture sustainability. Focus group sessions with several segments of the population (restaurateurs, residents of communities near aquaculture facilities, and the general population) were held and the participants’ knowledge of, and opinions on, IMTA were recorded. Most participants felt that IMTA had the potential to reduce the environmental impacts of salmon farming, benefit community economies, and improve industry competitiveness and sustainability. All felt that seafood produced in IMTA systems would be safe to eat and 50% of the participants were willing to pay 10% more for these products if labelled as such. The participants felt that IMTA appears to be an improvement over current monoculture practices and would be cautiously welcomed in the marketplace. A promotional campaign educating the general public, food distributors, and other industry stakeholders about the positive benefits of IMTA would go a long way in gaining mainstream acceptance of this aquaculture practice.     

A contingent valuation of the biomitigation benefits of integrated multi-trophic aquaculture in Canada

Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) is the farming, in proximity, of aquaculture species from different trophic levels and with complementary ecosystem functions. IMTA allows one species’ uneaten feed and wastes, nutrients, and by-products to be recaptured and converted into fertilizer, feed, and energy for the other crops. By taking advantage of synergistic interactions between species, IMTA can help aquaculture evolve towards more responsible and sustainable systems. This study uses data from a contingent valuation survey to provide an estimation of the non-use benefits that, in the form of biomitigation of the external costs imposed on the marine environment, would be derived by Canadians from the adoption of IMTA for Atlantic salmon aquaculture. We find the benefits accruing to households who do not purchase salmon habitually would range between about $43 million/year and about $65 million/year for the next five years, depending on the treatment of ‘don’t know’ responses to the payment question.     

生物絮团技术在水产养殖中的应用研究

传统的水产养殖模式所带来的环境污染、资源浪费和病害频发等问题已成为制约我国水产养殖业可持续发展的主要因素。生物絮团技术(BFT)具有净化水质、提高饵料利用率及病害防控等优点,被认为是有望解决上述问题的新型健康生态养殖技术,已在国内外得到一定规模的应用,并获得了良好的经济、社会和生态效益。本文重点介绍了生物絮团的形成与培养、生物絮团的主要影响因素及其在水产养殖中的应用效果。研究认为,BFT能够改良水质、节约养殖用水、降低饲料成本、提高养殖对象存活率、增加养殖产量和效益;将BFT与生物膜技术相结合,能够更有效地维持养殖水体中适宜的生物絮团含量,避免生物絮团的过量沉积,并能提高水质改良及增产增收的应用效果,具有广阔的应用前景。     

Microbial community in a multi-trophic aquaculture system of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Apostichopus japonicus</Emphasis>, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Styela clava</Emphasis> and microalgae

An integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) system consisting of the ascidian Styela clava and the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus with microalgae was grown in a seawater mesocosm. Microbial populations in the water, sediment and shelters were monitored over time. The composition of the water microbial community in the IMTA system did not differ significantly from that of the traditional culture system without ascidians. Bacterial populations in the water, sediment and shelters were low in the traditional A. japonicus aquaculture system, and lower in the IMTA system. The number of Vibrios in the water, sediment and shelters in the IMTA system was significantly lower than in the traditional culture (p < 0.05), while the quantity of Bacillus was higher in the sediment and shelters. All of these results indicate that the IMTA system effectively inhibited the growth of harmful bacteria, an important positive function in the health of the culture. The bacterial diversity index in the water in the IMTA system was between those of the baited and non-baited traditional aquacultures and was slightly reduced in the shelters. Over time, the bacterial diversity index in the sediment gradually dropped, especially in summer and autumn, when it was significantly lower than in the traditional culture. In winter, the diversity index increased to some extent, approaching that of the traditional culture.     

文莱渔业近况与发展趋势

本文介绍了文莱的渔业近况,包括文莱的捕捞渔业、水产养殖业、渔业经济和对外渔业合作等情况,并对文莱渔业的发展趋势、我国与文莱进行渔业合作的趋势和前景等进行了分析。文莱的水产养殖业具有很大发展潜力,利用我国在水产养殖技术与人才上的优势与文莱开展渔业合作,不仅有利于两国渔业发展,也有利于维护我国在南海的权益。     

Depth matters for bivalve culture in integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA) and other polyculture strategies under non-eutrophic conditions

Bivalve cultivation, in single cultivation or in polyculture (including integrated multitrophic aquaculture; IMTA), is generally limited to eutrophic waters. We carried out a modeling study to test if, under meso- and oligotrophic conditions, depth could be a key factor for bivalve productivity associated to IMTA and other polyculture strategies. We applied the model Farm Aquaculture Resource Management (FARM) at three strata of the water column in two coastal fish farm areas in the Mediterranean Sea, using water column variables sampled seasonally to estimate the potential mussel production. According to FARM, mussel production was high in both areas and, in some cases, almost doubled when mussels were cultured below 25-m depth compared to shallower levels. Phytoplankton abundance is expected to notably influence mussel production compared to particulate organic matter. Thus, in meso- and oligotrophic stratified waters, where chlorophyll maximum is relatively deep, depth can be a key factor for the productivity of mussel cultivation. The obtained results could help to maximize the production of suspension-feeding bivalve cultivation and, therefore, the expansion and development of sustainable aquaculture in non-eutrophic marine waters.     

我国离岸水产养殖设施装备发展研究

随着我国人口的增多和生活水平的不断提高,人们对优质海洋食品需求也在不断增加。我国拥有近300万km2的海洋国土面积,目前还未得到充分的利用,因此拓展海洋蓝色资源的利用范围,发展离岸养殖,尤其是深远海养殖,缓解粮食安全保障压力,成为今后养殖发展的重点。而这就需要通过采用现代新技术,大力发展离岸水产养殖设施装备。文章重点介绍了"十二五"期间我国筏式养殖设施装备、网箱养殖设施装备和深远海养殖设施装备的发展状况、存在的主要问题和需求、国外发展现状等,并对今后的发展提出了建议。     

转变增长方式是我国水产养殖持续发展的必由之路

水产养殖业是渔业中的重要产业之一,已经成为我国水产品市场供给的主要来源。在回顾我国水产养殖业取得伟大成就的同时,也认识到水产养殖业的发展面临着诸如水资源严重缺乏、耕地资源不断被压缩、水产养殖良种覆盖率水平不高、饲料原料短缺、劳动力不足、水产疫苗和药物发展滞后、质量安全和水产品品质安全等问题。认为唯有转变水产养殖的增长方式才是我国水产养殖持续发展的必由之路,如通过转变现有养殖模式,提高单位水体的产量;转变饲料投喂模式,普及高效环保饲料,开发替代鱼粉的新蛋白源;提高优良品种选育与普及水平;加强疫苗创制能力,扩大其应用范围;转变消费习惯,提升加工与流通领域发展水平等措施。水产养殖产品是我国乃至全世界经济社会可持续发展的刚性需求,政府应从战略高度认识到通过转变增长方式实现我国水产养殖业可持续发展的重要意义。     

中国鲤育种的主要方法、遗传解析及展望

水产种业是水产养殖业发展的基础,是渔业战略性、基础性核心产业,也是保障未来养殖业绿色、健康发展的核心竞争力。随着水产业全球化、市场化的发展,我国种业正面临着前所未有的机遇与挑战。特别是随着生物技术的快速发展,水产育种也由传统的选择育种和杂交育种,发展至细胞工程育种、分子标记辅助育种、全基因组选择育种、分子设计育种和基因组编辑等精准设计育种。水产动物重要经济性状的基础研究及其遗传改良技术的创建驱动着我国水产种业的蓬勃发展,截止2022年,通过全国水产原种和良种审定委员会审定并由农业农村部公告的水产新品种就有266个,其中鲤新品种数量最多,为31个,表明鲤育种工作卓有成效。本文重点回顾了我国鲤的种质和基因组资源现状,鲤的主要品种及其育种方法;简要介绍了鲤生长、抗病、体色、饲料转化率等经济性状关联的遗传研究进展,并由此提出了新时代背景下鲤种业的发展方向和措施建议,以期为我国鱼类育种提供借鉴。