Transport of cadmium from soil to grain in cereal crops: A review

Due to rapid urbanization and industrialization, many soils for crop production are contaminated by cadmium(Cd), a heavy metal highly toxic to many organisms. Cereal crops such as rice, wheat, maize, and barley are the primary dietary source of Cd for humans, and reducing Cd transfer from soil to their grains is therefore an important issue for food safety. During the last decade, great progress has been made in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of Cd transport, particularly in rice. Inter-and intraspecific variations in Cd accumulation have been observed in cereal crops. Transporters for Cd have been identified in rice and other cereal crops using genotypic differences in Cd accumulation and mutant approaches. These transporters belong to different transporter families and are involved in the uptake, vacuolar sequestration, root-to-shoot translocation, and distribution of Cd. Attempts have been made to reduce Cd accumulation in grains by manipulating these transporters through overexpression or knockout of the transporter genes, as well as through marker-assisted selection breeding based on genotypic differences in Cd accumulation in the grains. In this review, we describe recent progress on molecular mechanisms of Cd accumulation in cereal crops and compare different molecular strategies for minimizing Cd accumulation in grains.     

玉米果穗不同部位子粒水分动态差异研究

为明确玉米果穗不同部位子粒含水率和脱水速率的动态变化差异,在春玉米区宁夏银川和夏玉米区河南新乡采用8个不同熟期和脱水速率的品种,将玉米果穗垂直等分为5个部位,定期测定不同部位子粒含水率,计算子粒脱水速率。结果表明,玉米生长中后期,果穗上部子粒含水率低于中下部子粒含水率,生理成熟前各部位子粒含水率的差值低于生理成熟后。参试品种生理成熟前20 d时不同部位子粒含水率极差低于3%,成熟期的极差值变幅为0.6%～5.2%,生理成熟后极差最大值可达6.2%。同一果穗自上而下子粒的脱水速率逐渐降低,品种之间有明显差异,先玉335、迪卡517和迪卡519果穗不同部位子粒脱水速率差异较大。果穗中部子粒脱水速率和平均脱水速率与不同部位子粒含水率的极差值呈负相关。     

水稻因土质施肥方法探讨

土壤质地是土壤的基本物理性质之一,反应土壤中不同大小直径成土颗粒的组成状况。不同质地土壤间养分含量、蓄水导水、保肥供肥、保温导热、耕性、微生物种类及其活动等性能的差异,影响肥料的固定、转化、吸收和流失,并影响作物的产量形成,进而形成区域性的肥料利用效率的差异。水稻肥料利用状况的改善一直是研究热点,但土壤质地对肥料利用和水稻生长的影响研究相对较少。本文简要介绍了不同质地土壤的养分状况和理化性质差异,分析了土壤质地对作物生长发育的影响;并在简要评价测土配方施肥技术的基础上,初步探讨了不同土质土壤的肥料高效施用方法。     

The use of infrared spectroscopy and machine learning tools for detection of Meloidogyne infestations

Plant parasitic nematodes are generally soilborne pathogens that attack plants and cause economic losses in many crops. The infested plants show nonspecific symptoms or, often, are symptomless; therefore, diagnosis is performed by taking soil and root tissue samples. Here, we show that a combination of different infrared spectra analysis and machine learning algorithms can be used to detect plant parasitic nematode infestations before symptoms become visible, using leaves instead of roots and soil as samples. We found that tomato and guava plants infested with Meloidogyne enterorlobii produced different spectral patterns compared to uninfested plants. Using partial spectra from 1,450 to 900/cm as the "fingerprint region", principal component analyses indicated that after 5 (tomatoes) or 8 weeks (guava), plants with no visible symptoms of infestations were positively diagnosed. To improve the early detection response, we used machine learning modelling. A support vector machine (SVM) was used to obtain more robust, accurate models. The SVM model contained 34 support vectors, 17 for each level. The overall performance of the model was >97% and the total accuracy was significantly higher, demonstrating the absence of chance prediction. The best prediction of infestation was obtained at the second and fourth weeks for tomatoes and guavas, respectively, reducing the diagnostic time by half. The combined application of these techniques reduces the processing time from field to laboratory and shows enormous advantages by avoiding root and soil sampling.     

UCP1基因变异与绵羊生长及胴体性状的关联分析

试验旨在探讨解耦联蛋白1（UCP1）基因核苷酸变异对绵羊生长性状的性别差异和胴体性状的影响，以期能够筛选出可以提升绵羊生长及胴体性状的核苷酸变异，为提高绵羊相关重要经济性状的分子遗传标记提供材料。以9个绵羊品种为研究对象，用PCR-SSCP方法检测不同性别绵羊中UCP1基因内含子5区和外显子6区变异。利用Minitab 16.0软件中一般线性模型分析内含子5区等位基因与不同性别绵羊生长性状、公羔胴体性状的关联性。结果显示，绵羊UCP1基因内含子5区和外显子6区共检测到8个核苷酸变异，其中位点c.910 G/A突变导致p.Ala304Thr氨基酸变异。生长性状关联分析结果表明，内含子5区等位基因对绵羊生长性状的影响存在性别特异性，母羔中携带等位基因A₁的群体较缺失群体具有较低的初生重（P<0.05），公羔中携带等位基因C₁的群体较缺失群体具有较高的断尾重（P<0.05），未发现其他等位基因与羔羊的生长性状存在性别特异性。胴体性状关联分析结果表明，携带等位基因A₁的群体具有较低后腿瘦肉量、腰部瘦肉量和较高的肩部瘦肉比例（P<0.05），携带等位基因C₁的群体具有较低的后腿瘦肉比例（P<0.05），其他胴体性状均没有发现与等位基因存在显著相关，基因型分析结果与等位基因分析结果一致。结果提示，UCP1基因对绵羊的生长性状影响具有性别特异性，且携带等位基因A₁的公羔群体具有较低的胴体生产性状，为提高公羔胴体生产性能提供了理论依据。     

江西省水资源利用时空变化特征及区域差异

[目的] 定量研究2008—2017年江西省水资源利用时空变化特征以及各项水资源指标的区域差异，为水资源可持续利用提供参考依据。[方法] 基于2008—2017年江西省自然、社会经济以及水资源资料，利用变差系数、泰尔系数和空间分级分类法，从时间维度和空间维度分析了江西省2008—2017年水资源时空分布特征，并采用“竹笋”七色差异评价法对江西省各项水资源指标的区域差异进行研究。[结果] 南昌市2008—2017年水资源开发利用相对处于一个较高的水平，年均水资源开发利用率达到46%，处于不健康状态，而整个江西省平均开发利用率不到25%，水资源状况呈现健康的状态；江西省2008—2017年工业用水和农业水量分布差异较大，11市的生活用水和总用水空间分布差异较小；江西省2008—2017年人均水资源和地均水资源区域差异的差异值小于380，处于“竹笋”七色模型的稳定区，2008—2017年期间波动小。[结论] 整体来看江西省各市水资源禀赋差异性较大，要综合多个因素，深度剖析各个地区的水资源各类指标，比如人口数量、气候、环境、地形、文化差异等，因地制宜，才能使水资源真正为社会经济的可持续发展服务，达到人与水环境的协调统一。     

基于USLE模型的长株潭城市群生态绿心区水土流失研究

[目的]研究2018年长株潭(长沙市—株州市—湘潭市)城市群生态绿心区最佳植被覆盖和水土流失状况,为区域综合治理提供理论依据。[方法]运用GIS和RS技术,以长株潭区域降雨、土壤、地形、土地利用等数据为基础,采用归一化植被指数(NDVI)模型和USLE国际通用土壤流失方程为优选模型。[结果]长株潭绿心区总面积为52 287 hm~2,整体植被状况较好,高覆盖度(75%～100%)面积最大,占绿心区总面积一半以上,为26 598.40 hm~2;中低覆盖度(30%～40%)面积最小,占区域总面积的8.61%,为4 501.91 hm~2。长株潭城市群生态绿心区总侵蚀(不含微度)面积为3 654.24 hm~2,占总面积的6.99%。湘潭市侵蚀比重最高,为8.51%,长沙市次之,为6.67%,株洲市侵蚀总比例最小,为5.68%。工程建设用地在禁止开发区、限制开发区和控制建设区的侵蚀面积分别为963.92,310.74,735.11 hm~2。[结论]受人为因素、城市建设、产业分布等影响,长株潭城市群生态绿心区覆盖度空间呈现西部低,中东部高的格局,工程建设是造成绿心区土壤侵蚀的主要原因。     

Using vibrational molecular spectroscopy to detect moist heating induced carbohydrates structure changes in cool-climate adapted barley grain

There is limited research to study how moist heating affects internal structure of barley grain on a molecular basis. The objectives of this study were to use vibrational molecular spectroscopy: 1) to determine the moist heating induced changes of barley carbohydrate (CHO) structure on a molecular basis, 2) to study the effects of moist heating on CHO chemical profiles, Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) subfractions, in situ rumen degradation, and predicted intestinal carbohydrate supply of barley grain; and 3) to reveal the association between molecular structure spectral features and CHO related metabolic characteristics. Barley samples (CDC cowboy) were collected from Kernen Crop Research Farm (Saskatoon, Canada) during two consecutive years. Half of each sample was kept as raw barley and the other half underwent moist heating (autoclaving at 120 °C for 60 min). The molecular spectroscopy (attenuated total reflectance-fourier transform infrared, ATR-FTIR) was used to detect the barley CHO related molecular structure spectral features. Moist heating did not affect carbohydrate related chemical profiles and CNCPS subfractions but it decreased rumen degradable carbohydrate. Rumen undegradable and intestinal digestion of CHO subfractions were not affected by moist heating. The advanced vibrational molecular spectroscopy can be used to detect carbohydrate molecular spectral features. Nutrient utilization prediction using molecular spectral characteristics is warranted and further investigation is encouraged.     

不同剥制机械对苎麻纤维产量及品质的影响

为明确不同纤维剥制机械对苎麻纤维产量和品质的影响，以苎麻品种‘中苎3号’为试验材料，研究了3种剥制机械（简易刮麻器、回拉式剥麻机、反拉式剥麻机）对原麻颜色、出麻率、单纤维强力和含胶量的影响。结果表明，不同机械剥制原麻产量与品质存在显著差异。3种机器剥制的原麻颜色均偏黄色，简易刮麻器剥制的麻纤维明度最亮，反拉式剥麻机剥制的原麻红色最深。简易刮麻器剥制麻与回拉式剥麻机剥制麻出麻率无显著差异，显著低于反拉式剥麻机剥制麻，但反拉式剥麻机出麻率较高,原因主要是总胶质含量显著较高（28.21%）。不同剥制机械所获原麻的单纤维强力也存在显著差异，由高到低依次为简易刮麻器＞回拉式剥麻机＞反拉式剥麻机。综上所述，简易刮麻器剥制原麻质量最好，回拉式剥麻机优于反拉式剥麻机。上述结果为苎麻剥麻机的选择提供理论依据。