不同氮肥处理对小麦生育后期旗叶生理活性的影响

对不同生育时期追施氮肥与超高产小麦生育后期旗叶生理活性的变化进行了研究。结果表明：在后期生长过程中,小麦旗叶超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性、叶绿素含量总体呈现下降趋势,膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量、外渗电导率总体呈现上升趋势。中后期适量追肥可抑制叶绿素的降解,使植株体内保持高水平的保护酶活性,降低后期细胞膜脂过氧化水平,延长叶片的功能期。     

铝钙复合作用对杉木幼苗抗氧化能力的影响

采用水培法研究了铝钙复合作用对1年生杉木幼苗叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)3种抗氧化物酶活性的影响。结果表明:高铝浓度(1.5 mmol·L~(-1))胁迫下,增加钙离子浓度可以明显降低杉木幼苗叶片MDA含量,增强SOD、CAT、POD活性,且增强效应随培养时间的延长而愈加明显;在高钙浓度(4.5 mmol·L~(-1))处理下,随着铝浓度的上升,幼苗叶片MDA含量升高,SOD、CAT活性下降,而POD活性变化却不明显。高铝浓度胁迫下杉木幼苗受毒害程度较大,而在高钙浓度下铝毒对杉木幼苗影响相对减弱;钙离子对杉木幼苗铝毒具有一定程度的缓解作用。     

土壤汞污染胁迫对蚯蚓体内几种抗氧化酶活性的影响

汞是毒性较大的重金属,为了解土壤汞污染对蚯蚓抗氧化防御体系的影响,本文采用人工土壤法,研究了不同Hg暴露浓度水平下(1、2、4、8、16、24、32、50 mg/kg)赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia foetida)的应激反应,分析了不同浓度Hg污染水平对蚯蚓体内3种抗氧化酶活性以及脂质过氧化最终产物丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果表明,Hg暴露会对蚯蚓抗氧化防御系统产生较大影响。蚯蚓体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)在不同浓度的Hg暴露水平下,随时间变化呈现出不同的阶段性应激反应。总体上看,Hg暴露环境对赤子爱胜蚓SOD和GSH-PX活性有一定的抑制作用,但对CAT活性的影响无明显规律。Hg暴露对蚯蚓体内MDA含量有一定影响,在32和50 mg/kg的较高浓度水平下,赤子爱胜蚓体内MDA含量明显增加,可能是汞胁迫造成了蚯蚓机体细胞的氧化损伤。     

Salicylic acid induced alleviation of oxidative stress caused by clethodim in maize (Zea mays L.) leaves

Salicylic acid is used for regulation of oxidative stress in plants subjected to unfavorable environmental conditions. Application of herbicides for the purpose of weed killing can affect not only the weeds but also the main crop as well. Many herbicides have the ability to cause oxidative stress and further degradation of cell components. In this work, SA was used to alleviate the oxidative stress caused in response to clethodim herbicide in maize leaves. The results demonstrated that, spraying of clethodim caused yellowing of leaves and sometimes browning or drying of leaf tips with high clethodim doses. Contrary, leaves showed no injuries when treated with 1 mM SA 3 days prior clethodim application. Elevated amounts of H₂O₂ and MDA were detected in clethodim treated leaves compared with control indicating ROS formation and lipid peroxidation. Excessive ROS formation led to oxidative stress which followed by degradation of membranous structures. In SA treated leaves, the contents of H₂O₂ and MDA were more or less similar to the corresponding controls. A change in the antioxidant enzymes activities due to clethodim and SA treatment was noticed. For example, the activities of POD and APX were induced while SOD and CAT were more or less reduced in response to clethodim. SA treatment prior clethodim application could induce POD but inhibit CAT. Moreover, SOD and APX activities were adjusted to be similar to those of the control. Another mechanism of SA regulation of the oxidative stress occurred through the formation of antioxidants in the form of phenolic compounds. For that, spraying SA with or without clethodim could accumulate phenolic compounds greatly. The DPPH free radical scavenging assay for leaf extracts had confirmed a change in antioxidant status. Furthermore, SA could enhance accumulation of total proteins and free amino acids in clethodim and SA treated leaves compared with the control. This work was to provide evidence for the ability of SA to regulate clethodim herbicide detoxification through regulation of the antioxidant status of maize leaf cells.     

不同灌溉方式对寒地粳稻抗旱生理性状的影响

本试验以东农425和东农427为试验材料,在水稻全生育期内以土壤水势为灌水衡量指标,研究了五种不同灌溉方式对寒地粳稻抗旱生理性状的影响,结果表明:在整个生育期内,处理的叶片脯氨酸(Pro)、丙二醛(MDA)积累量、变化幅度基本趋势为:旱作>重干湿交替灌溉>轻干湿交替灌溉>中干湿交替灌溉>常规灌溉,重干湿交替灌溉和旱作处理显著增加了叶片脯氨酸、丙二醛含量。叶片脯氨酸、丙二醛含量与植株抗旱性及产量均呈负相关关系,其中脯氨酸含量相关性显著;重干湿交替灌溉和旱作处理的叶绿素(Chl)含量明显低于常规灌溉及轻干湿交替灌溉、中干湿交替灌溉处理,随着生育进程的推进,轻干湿交替灌溉、中干湿交替灌溉处理的叶片叶绿素含量反而高于其他处理。中干湿交替灌溉处理能够显著增加水稻叶片叶绿素含量,叶片叶绿素含量与植株抗旱性及产量呈显著正相关。中干湿交替灌溉处理是较为合理的灌溉方式,即田间土壤水势灌溉下限不应低于-20kPa。通过对植物抗旱性及抗旱相关生理指标的分析得出东农425的抗旱性较东农427强。     

低温弱光对黄瓜幼苗过氧化物酶同工酶和丙二醛含量的影响

为了探讨低温、弱光条件下,不同黄瓜品种对逆境的适应能力,采用聚丙烯酰胺垂直板凝胶电泳法、硫代巴比妥酸法和紫外分光光度法等方法,研究了低温、弱光对祥云丰满园、津研7号、绿玉、新夏丰一号4个品种黄瓜幼苗叶片中的过氧化物酶(POD)同工酶、丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果表明,与正常栽培相比,在低温+弱光胁迫条件下,MDA增幅分别为:祥云丰满园58.93%,津研七号42.16%,新夏丰一号26.26%,绿玉28.24%,其中新夏丰一号的MDA相对增幅最小;POD同工酶的电泳酶谱显示,仅以弱光胁迫时,各品种的POD同工酶谱均无显著变化;经低温+弱光综合胁迫后,POD同工酶谱的条带数均有所增加。试验结果提示,在低温、弱光2种胁迫因素中,低温+弱光的综合胁迫对黄瓜幼苗的POD影响最为显著。4个品种中,新夏丰一号对低温和弱光有良好的抗性。     

铜胁迫对弯囊苔草（ Carex dispalata）生长和生理特性的影响

用水培方法研究了弯囊苔草在不同Cu^2＋浓度（1、5、25 mg·L^-1）胁迫下的生长特性和部分生理生化指标的变化。结果表明,不同Cu^2＋浓度胁迫下,弯囊苔草正常生长,但其生长特性表现出高浓度抑制的相关性, 高浓度下没有新生根。弯囊苔草叶片3种抗氧化酶活性都随胁迫时间的延长呈先上升再下降趋势。SOD在处理的第4 d达到峰值,且活性一直显著高于对照（P＜0.05）,3种Cu^2＋浓度处理下的峰值大小顺序为5 mg·L^-1＞25 mg·L^-1＞1 mg·L^-1。POD和CAT活性在处理第7 d达到峰值,POD活性峰值大小顺序为5 mg·L^-1＞1 mg·L^-1＞25 mg·L^-1;CAT活性峰值大小顺序为25 mg·L^-1＞5 mg·L^-1＞1 mg·L^-1。丙二醛（MDA）和可溶性糖含量都是随着胁迫时间的延长而上升,处理结束时的丙二醛（MDA）（r=0.988 0）和可溶性糖含量（r=0.951 2）与Cu^2＋浓度表现出正相关性。脯氨酸（Pro）含量随胁迫时间的延长也呈先上升后下降趋势,1 mg· L^-1和5 mg·L^-1 Cu^2＋浓度处理下脯氨酸（Pro）含量在处理第4 d达到最大值,25 mg·L^-1高浓度处理下脯氨酸（Pro）含量在处理第7 d达到最大值。叶绿素在5、25 mg·L^-1 Cu^2＋浓度处理下随胁迫时间的延长呈先上升后下降的趋势,1mg·L^-1Cu^2＋处理下的叶绿素含量不断上升,实验结束时各处理下叶片的叶绿素含量与处理浓度呈负相关。结果表明弯囊苔草能通过调节体内抗氧化酶活性来增强其抗氧化胁迫能力,这为其作为铜污染水体的修复植物提供了可能。     

Effect of silicon on antioxidant and stomatal response of two grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) rootstocks grown in boron toxic,saline and boron toxic-saline soil

We investigated individual and combined effects of B toxicity and salinity in the presence or absence of silicon on the shoot growth, concentrations of sodium (Na), chloride (Cl), boron (B) and silicon (Si), and stomatal resistance (SR), lipid peroxidation (MDA), proline accumulation, H₂O₂ accumulation and the activities of major antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT and ascorbate peroxidase, APX) activity grapevine rootstocks of 41B (V. Vinifera × V. Berlandieri) and 1103P (V. Berlandieri × V. Rupestris). Applied Si counteracted the deleterious effects of salinity and boron toxicity on shoot growth by lowering the accumulation of Na in 1103P, and B and Cl in the both rootstocks. Stomatal resistance, MDA, and the concentrations of H₂O₂ and proline were higher in the plants grown in conditions of B toxicity, salinity and their combination while applied Si lowered these parameters. Lowering SOD and CAT but increasing APX, Si treatment significantly affected the enzyme activities of both rootstocks. Based on the present work, it can be concluded that Si alleviates the adverse effects of salinity, B toxicity and combined salinity-B toxicity on grapevine rootstocks by preventing both oxidative membrane damage and translocation of Na and B from root to shoots and/or soil to plant, and also lowering the phytotoxic effects of Na and B within plant tissues. When considering the antioxidative response and membrane systems, it was concluded that the rootstock 1103P was responsive to Si under stress conditions. To our knowledge, this is the first report that Si improves the combined salt and B tolerance of grapevine grown under saline, B toxic, and B toxic and saline conditions which describes membrane related parameters and antioxidant responses.     

Excess dietary tryptophan mitigates aflatoxicosis in growing quails

A biological assay was carried out to evaluate the impact of dietary tryptophan (TRP) in aflatoxin B₁‐contaminated diets (AFB₁‐D) on performance, blood parameters, immunity, meat quality and microbial populations of intestine in Japanese quails. Six experimental diets were formulated to include two levels of dietary TRP; 2.9 (moderate high: MH‐TRP) and 4.9 g/kg (excess: Ex‐TRP); and three levels of AFB₁ (0.0, 2.5, and 5.0 mg/kg). Each experimental diet was fed to the one of the six groups of birds from 7 to 35 days of age in a completely randomized design with 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. Decrease in feed intake, body weight gain and gain:feed in birds fed 5.0 mg/kg AFB₁‐D was restored to the control level by 4.9 g TRP/kg of the diet. The hepatic enzymes in blood were elevated in quails fed on AFB₁‐D but attenuated by 4.9 g TRP/kg of the diet (Ex‐TRP; p ≤ .01). High serum uric acid in birds challenged with AFB₁ significantly decreased by Ex‐TRP (p ≤ .01). The skin thickness to 2,4‐dinitro‐1‐chlorobenzene challenge suppressed by AFB₁ but increased by Ex‐TRP diet (p ≤ .02). The AFB₁ increased the malondialdehyde in meat, whereas TRP efficiently diminished malondialdehyde production (p ≤ .01). The greatest drip loss and pH in meat were observed in the birds fed 5.0 mg/kg AFB₁‐D but Ex‐TRP augmented the adverse effects of AFB₁ (p ≤ .01). The Ex‐TRP reduced the total microbial and Escherichia coli counts (p ≤ .01). The adverse effect of AFB₁ on ileal Lactic acid bacteria was completely prevented by Ex‐TRP (p ≤ .03). This study showed that tryptophan supplementation could be considered as a powerful nutritional tool to ameliorate the adverse effects of AFB₁ in growing quails.     

Hepatoprotective effects of polyprenols from Ginkgo biloba L. leaves on CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

The hepatoprotective effects of polyprenols from Ginkgo biloba L. leaves were evaluated against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatic damage in Sprague-Dawley rats. The elevated levels of serum ALT, AST, ALP, ALB, TP, HA, LN, TG, and CHO were restored towards normalization significantly by GBP in a dose dependent manner. The biochemical observations were supplemented with histopathological examination of rat liver sections. Meanwhile, GBP also produced a significant and dose-dependent reversal of CCl₄-diminished activity of the antioxidant enzymes and reduced CCl₄-elevated level of MDA. In general, the effects of GBP were not significantly different from those of the standard drug Essentiale.