Oxidative stress indicators as selection tools for salt tolerance

Oxidative stress indicators, malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation and chlorophyll retention, were tested as tools for salt‐tolerance screening in Chloris gayana (Kunth), a forage grass exhibiting inter‐ and intra‐cultivar variability in the response to salt stress. Three types of experimental system were compared, salt shock, gradual salt treatment and leaf segments floated on control and saline solutions. Results followed the same trend in the three systems, but leaf segments or gradually salinized plants are the most convenient. Lower mean MDA and higher mean chlorophyll content were found under salinity in cv. ‘Katambora’, which is considered, from previous field trials, to be more salt tolerant than cv. ‘Boma’. Nevertheless, chlorophyll content did not give consistent results in other tests and it is not recommended for selection purposes. Within cv. ‘Boma’, clones rating higher in a salt tolerance evaluation under greenhouse conditions had lower MDA content under salinity and lower mean MDA ratios between salt‐treated and control samples. The survival of 80‘Boma’ plants under increasing NaCl concentration was assessed and MDA was measured in the leaves of very plant before the final NaCl level was reached, to assess whether it was predictive of survival capability. MDA values were significantly lower in the group surviving longer, thus, a selection based on low MDA values would have enriched the original population with more tolerant individuals.     

广西花生品种（系）苗期生长耐旱性及相关生理特性研究

花生苗期生长受干旱影响最大,且干旱是广西花生生产上重要的限制因素。选择广西主推及新育成的花生品种（系）共11个,在人工防雨棚下进行土培盆栽试验,以正常淋水（2d供水1次）为对照,以人工控水（10d供水1次）作为干旱胁迫处理,反复干旱胁迫30d时,测定花生苗期的主茎高尧侧枝长、生物量以及叶绿素、可溶性糖、丙二醛尧脯氨酸含量,计算花生苗期生长生理受抑制程度及生长耐旱隶属函数值。结果表明,在干旱胁迫下,各参试花生品种的主茎高、侧枝长和生物量均受到不同程度的抑制,其中桂花819的生长受抑制程度最轻。从各参试品种苗期耐旱隶属函数值排名可知,桂花819的苗期生长耐旱性最强,其次是桂花红166、桂花21和桂花26;大多数品种的叶绿素、可溶性糖、丙二醛尧脯氨酸含量在干旱胁迫下增加,少数花生品种表现出降低趋势,且苗期耐旱品种桂花819的叶绿素和脯氨酸含量比对照的增加量最大,丙二醛和可溶性糖含量增加量也较大。     

氯胁迫对幼龄茶树叶绿素含量及抗氧化系统的影响

为探讨氯胁迫对茶树的伤害机制,为幼龄茶园合理施用氯肥提供科学的理论依据,以1年生龙井43茶苗为材料,采用水培法研究了不同浓度氯离子对茶树叶片叶绿素含量、抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明：随着氯离子浓度的升高,叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量均显著降低,在氯浓度为100 mmol/L时,分别比CK（0 mmol/L）下降了36.2％、22.7％、33.1％;SOD、POD活性均表现为先升高后降低,在氯离子浓度为40 mmol/L时达到最大值,比 CK 分别升高10.8％和9.2％;CAT活性持续下降,最大降幅为45.4％;脯氨酸含量、过氧化氢含量及丙二醛含量均显著升高。这说明高浓度氯离子对细胞质膜系统及细胞器结构和功能产生了破坏,而在低浓度氯离子（20 mmol/L）胁迫下MDA含量与CK差异不显著,说明低浓度氯未对茶树造成伤害。因此,对于幼龄茶园冲施氯肥以氯离子浓度不超过20 mmol/L为宜。     

奶水牛乳汁体细胞数与抗氧化指标的相关性分析

[目的]了解奶水牛乳汁体细胞计数（SCC）与抗氧化指标之间的相关性,为乳汁质量监控和奶水牛健康养殖提供科学依据.[方法]随机选取南宁某牛场奶水牛139头,同步采集乳样与血样,乳汁SCC采用FOSS体细胞仪测定,血浆和乳清的总抗氧化能力（TAC）采用FRAP法（血浆铁还原力法）测定,丙二醛（MDA）含量采用TBA法（硫酸巴比妥法）测定.[结果]被检的139头奶水牛中,乳汁SCC≥50.00万/mL（隐性乳房炎诊断标准）的样本占被检总数的12.23％,乳汁SCC＜50.00万/mL的样本占被检总数的87.77％;奶水牛血浆和乳清的TAC分别为2.44±1.04和3.78±1.68 U/mL,MDA含量分别为2.07±0.48和1.55±0.52 nmol/mL,其差异均达极显著水平（P＜0.01）.乳清TAC随乳汁SCC的升高而呈下降趋势,二者间呈显著负相关（r=-0.168,P＜0.05）;血浆MDA与乳清MDA间呈显著正相关（r=0.189,P＜0.05）,而血浆MDA与血浆TAC（r=0.391）、乳清MDA与血浆TAC（r=0.315）间呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）.[结论]乳清TAC可作为检测奶水牛乳房健康及其乳汁质量的备选指标.     

不结球白菜感染菌核病后4个生理生化指标分析

选用4个对菌核病具有不同抗性的不结球白菜品种003-R-6、Y3-R-4、109-S-9和003-S-7为试验材料,于四叶一心期接种核盘菌,采用苗期琼脂块叶片接种法测定各品种对菌核病的抗性,并分别测定接种前后叶片中4个生理生化指标。结果表明,苗期琼脂块叶片接种法与田间自然诱发鉴定结果相一致,可有效反映抗、感品种的差异。在核盘菌影响下,4个抗、感病品种中不结球白菜的丙二醛(MDA)含量、游离氨基酸(FAA)总量、几丁质酶活性和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性均有所变化。其中丙二醛(MDA)含量、游离氨基酸(FAA)总量表现为感病品种增加幅度大于抗病品种,而几丁质酶活性、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性均表现为抗病品种增加幅度大于感病品种,说明各指标与品种抗病性强弱存在一定的相关性。     

4种薰衣草属植物抗旱性综合评价

采用负水头供水控水装置控制盆土体积含水量,对轻度、中度和重度干旱胁迫0、10、20、30 d和40 d后4种薰衣草属植物叶片相对含水量(RWC)、丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性糖(SSC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT) 5个抗旱生理指标的变化规律开展研究,旨在对其抗旱性进行综合评价。结果表明：随干旱胁迫强度和时间的增加,4种薰衣草的RWC均呈下降趋势,且轻度干旱胁迫的RWC显著高于中度和重度干旱胁迫（P＜0.05）,其中,干旱发生至重度胁迫时,普罗旺斯薰衣草的RWC最高,为56.56%,孟士德薰衣草仅为39.02%;而MDA和SSC则呈上升趋势,且随胁迫程度的增强而增加,其中,胁迫至40 d时,普罗旺斯薰衣草的MDA较0 d（CK）各处理水平增加幅度达118.67%, 而其SSC含量显著高于其它3种薰衣草。4种薰衣草的SOD和CAT活性呈先升后降的变化趋势,均于胁迫至20 d时达到最高值,且轻度干旱胁迫下的SOD和CAT活性高于中度和重度胁迫,其中,孟士德薰衣草的SOD和CAT活性最低。根据模糊数学隶属函数法综合评价分析得出,4种薰衣草抗旱性强弱依次为：狭叶薰衣草＞普罗旺斯薰衣草＞蝴蝶薰衣草＞孟士德薰衣草。     

质膜透性与丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化评价甘蔗品种抗旱性初探

通过水分胁迫下丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量与质膜透性的变化,以及模拟大田自然干旱环境下的生长、生产表现。初步评价了来自全国９个品种的耐旱、丰产性。经试验分析,认为福农８１－７４５、云蔗８９－１５１、桂糖８９－５、粤糖８６－３６８、云蔗８１－１７３、闽糖８８－１０３、桂糖１１、川蔗８１－５４８的耐旱、丰产性均优于新台糖１０（ＣＫ１）。其中云蔗８９－１５１、桂糖８９－５、福农８１－７４５的耐旱、丰产性与桂糖１１相当。     

甜菜幼苗对干旱胁迫的适应机制

为了研究甜菜幼苗在干旱逆境耐受过程中的应答机制,本研究以‘780016B/12优’为目的材料,通过设置不同浓度（3%、6%,9%以及15%）的PEG6000干旱胁迫来处理甜菜幼苗,并进行恢复生长,来衡量不同干旱胁迫处理间甜菜的相关生理生化指标和目的基因的表达量变化。研究结果表明,逆境胁迫24 h后,随着干旱强度的增加,甜菜幼苗植株的皱缩和萎蔫程度也逐渐严重,并伴随着叶片相对含水量(3.48%~15.86%)以及叶绿素含量(5.60~13.06)的下降;而体内的丙二醛和脯氨酸却大量累积,其中以15% PEG增加的尤为明显,分别高达48.23 μmol/L和201.37 μmol/L左右。逆境恢复后,3% PEG处理的甜菜幼苗的相对含水量(96.94%)、丙二醛含量(17.22 μmol/L)以及植株形态基本恢复到了正常水平;而高浓度PEG胁迫复性后,9% PEG处理的植株的相对含水量虽然恢复了8.48%左右,但丙二醛含量仍旧相对含量高达36.46 μmol/L;而脯氨酸在各组处理中,一直维持在较高水平。qPCR分析表明,干旱胁迫诱导BvGS基因受到了不同程度的诱导表达,分别是处理前的3.85、4.45、5.81、8.20倍左右,即使恢复生长,植株中该基因的表达量虽然有所下降,但仍旧维持在较高水平。因此,可以推测,甜菜幼苗通过调整细胞水势、氧化还原水平、光合作用以及渗透代谢平衡来适应干旱胁迫所带来的失水和质膜过氧化等不良反应,并有可能通过谷胱甘肽的合成来解毒由干旱逆境所带来的氧化伤害。     

Effect of dietary antioxidant supplementation on the oxidative status of plasma in broilers

In this study, the effect of dietary antioxidants on the plasma oxidative status of growing birds fed a diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids was investigated. One‐day‐old broilers were fed for 42 days a diet containing 4% linseed oil and supplemented with single plant extracts rich in antioxidants (natural tocopherols, rosemary, grape seed, green tea, tomato) or a combination of some of these plant extracts, in two different total doses (100 and 200 mg product/kg feed). A diet with synthetic antioxidants with and without α‐tocopheryl acetate (200 mg/kg feed) were also included. The plasma oxidative status was evaluated measuring the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) activity. Lipid peroxidation was measured by thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS). No significant effect of the dietary treatments was observed for FRAP as well as for TBARS. However, diet affected GSH‐Px activity (p = 0.002) and a trend for an effect on SOD activity was observed (p = 0.084). A higher GSH‐Px activity was found for 200 mg/kg tomato extract and natural α‐tocopherol in relation to the corresponding 100 mg/kg treatment, and the lowest GSH‐Px activity was measured for the synthetic antioxidants treatment. The lowest and highest SOD activity were found for the 200. and 100 mg/kg treatment with tomato extract respectively. In conclusion, the oxidative status and lipid oxidation of plasma in broilers was not affected by feeding natural antioxidant extracts at the doses in the present study, but some changes in antioxidant enzyme activities were observed, of which the implication remains to be elucidated.     

Fenthion induced-oxidative stress in the liver of adult rats and their progeny: Alleviation by Artemisia campestris

Fenthion (FEN) is an organophosphate insecticide used in both agricultural and urban areas throughout the world including Tunisia. Recent investigations have proved the crucial role of natural antioxidants to prevent the damage caused by toxic compounds. In this study, we investigated the role of Artemisia campestris (Ac) leaf powder in protection against oxidative damage and hepatotoxicity induced by fenthion in female rats and their pups. Female Wistar rats were divided into four groups: group I served as controls which received standard diet, group II received orally FEN 551 ppm, group III received both 551 ppm of FEN and experimental diet (5% Artemisia) and group IV received experimental diet (5% Artemisia). Oral administration 551 ppm of FEN by drinking water to adult rats caused hepatotoxicity as monitored by the increase in the levels of hepatic markers enzymes (transaminases and lactate dehydrogenase), total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG), as well as hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) levels thus causing a drastic alteration in antioxidant defence system. Particularly, the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and the level of reduced glutathione (GSH) increased by FEN. These biochemical alterations were accompanied by histological changes marked by leucocytes infiltration, sinusoidal dilatation (moderate peliosis), granuloma inflammatory disorders and necrosis in hepatocytes of dams. While, slight leucocytes infiltration was shown in pups. Treatment with Ac prevented the liver damage induced by FEN, as revealed by inhibition of hepatic lipid peroxidation accompanied by an improvement of liver histopathological changes, CAT and GPx activities except GSH and SOD which were not modified. It could be concluded that A. campestris is promising a protective agent against hepatotoxicity during the exposure to fenthion.