珠江口浅水域小型虾拖网渔获组成分析

拖虾是广东省沿海捕捞渔业的主要作业方式之一。为了查明小型虾拖网的渔获组成及其对渔业资源的影响，2006年10～11月对在珠江口浅水域进行捕虾作业的虾罟网渔船进行了海上渔获组成抽样调查。研究结果表明，珠江口浅水域虾罟网的渔获种类多、组成复杂，幼鱼和副渔获的比例高；主要渔获种类是周氏新对虾Metapenaeus joyneri（18．57％）、矛形梭子蟹Portunus hastatoides（15．48％）、脊尾白虾Exopalaemoncarinicauda（11．50％）和斑节对虾Penaeusmonodon（11．16％），刀额新对虾Metapenaeus ensis、脊尾白虾、白姑鱼Argyrosomus argentatus、海鳗Muraenesocidae和银鲳Pampusargenteus渔获100％为幼鱼，凤鲚Coiliamystus和棘头梅童鱼CoUichthys lucidus幼鱼比例分别高达87．65％和96．15％；周氏新对虾、脊尾白虾、斑节对虾为主捕对象，鱼类和蟹类是主要的副渔获种类；虾罟网捕捞对渔业资源造成一定程度的破坏。     

Modeled day–night biases in decapod assessment by bottom trawling survey

The activity rhythms of marine species may consistently bias demographic evaluation by bottom trawl survey, depending on the time of day. In this study, we examine occurrence data of selected commercial and non-commercial decapod species at different depths (0–800 m) of the western Mediterranean as produced by the Mediterranean international trawl survey (MEDITS) UE Program by sampling during daytime. In order to show how the activity rhythms and types of displacement (pelagic, nektobenthic and endobenthic) of different species can alter the occurrences determined by bottom trawling, and to quantify relative bias, we modeled potential outcomes of a putative nocturnal MEDITS sampling. MEDITS and published data for studies with 24-h hauls were compared in order to obtain a folding correction factor. We found that the temporal bias of sampling is moderate when trawling is performed on the continental slope and more important when it occurs on the continental shelf. The configuration of daytime and nighttime occurrence data by depth was performed using non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS). For the daytime configuration, association with irradiance (PAR) was evaluated by fitting occurrence data with a generalized additive model (GAM). Symmetry in species assemblages was found according to depth (inflection point at 200 m depth) as a significant irradiance-dependence distribution pattern of occurrences that took place on the shelf, above 200 m depth. For the night configuration, the inflection point relaxed due to the active displacements of some species, mixing the assemblages reported in daytime data. Results of the present study indicated that a deep knowledge of the autoecology of decapod species as it relates to activity rhythms (including a precise assessment of displacement typology) is of importance in population distribution and biomass evaluation and also influences locally perceived biodiversity. Accordingly, bottom trawl surveys for population assessment should take into account the timing of sampling as a factor potentially biasing obtained abundances.     

南海北部底拖网渔业资源的数量变动

利用1961～1999年期间南海水产研究所5次渔业资源调查的底拖网渔获率数据,分析了南海北部底拖网渔业资源的数量变动。结果表明,20世纪60年代初至90年代末的30多年间,南海北部大陆架和北部湾底拖网渔获密度的下降非常显著,分别下降72%和81%,其中北部大陆架沿岸、近海和外海分别下降71%、74%和70%。南海北部海域底拖网渔业资源均处于过度开发状态,沿岸和近海过度开发较严重,外海过度开发的强度相对较轻。     

大型拖网渔船网板性能的试验研究

根据对随船引进的大型远洋单船拖网网板的调查、测绘和分析，选择了5种结构上具有代表性的网板，进行网板模型风洞试验。通过对风洞试验结果的分析，筛选出缝翼式大展弦比网板作为选型设计的基础，设计制作了3付实物网板，经生产使用证明，该型网板具有扩张效果好，冲角范围大，曳行稳定和抗弯曲性强的特点。     

桁杆虾拖网捕捞脊腹褐虾网事囊网目选择性试验

采用套网试验法在长江口渔场对25 mm桁杆虾拖网网囊网目的选择性进行了试验.结果表明:当网囊网目内径为25 mm时,网囊与套网内脊腹褐虾的体长范围在30～80 mm之间,其中网囊内虾的优势体长在46～70 mm之间,套网内虾的优势体长在41～60 mm之间;50%选择体长L0.5为50.53 mm,选择范围SR为9.86 mm;逃逸虾的平均存活率为96.25%.     

Scale model of a new midwater trawl system for sampling pelagic larval and juvenile fish

SUMMARY: A new midwater sampling trawl was designed to collect pelagic larval and juvenile fish. It has a rigid square frame of 2.25 m², with a 12.5 m high strength polyethylene net. The cambered V-type depressor with a camber ratio of 15%, aspect ratio of 6.0, and dihedral angle of 20° was hung to the bottom of the frame with four slings based on the principle of the parallelogram. A 1/5 scale model net of the prototype was made to examine the towing performances in a circulating water tank. The depth of the net and the attack angle of the depressor were measured at various flow velocities ranging from 30 to 100 cm/s with warp lengths of 260, 310, 360, 410 cm. The depressor held the setting angle closely, and the fluctuating range of the net depth was only 2% for the longest warp length over a wide range of flow velocities. This sampling trawl could maintain near constant depth under various flow velocities by the results of model experiment.     

小型渔船单拖网网具与网板改进设计与试验↑（*）

本文报道山东沿海小型渔船单拖网捕捞技术试验结果及其推广情况。设计并试验推广了５种不同功率渔船使用的单拖网，分别为４．４ｋｗ渔船用３５０目×３５ｍｍ；８．８ｋｗ渔船用４１０目×４０ｍｍ；１４．７ｋｗ渔船用５８０目×４０ｍｍ；２９．４ｋｗ渔船用７４０目×４０ｍｍ；４４．１ｋｗ渔船用８６０目×４５ｍｍ。同时完成了与其相匹配的系列矩形平面网板。试验结果表明，单拖网与双拖网相比，单船增产３６－７０％。通过模拟试验与海上生产相结合，总结出一系列经验数据，网板前后两固定点与加重铁链的长度之比为１∶１．１２；网板对水冲角以２２°－２５°为佳；对地垂直夹角以７５°－７８°为理想状态。验证网板运行状况，４．４ｋｗ－８．８ｋｗ渔船两曳纲夹角为８°－１２°较好；１４．７ｋｗ、２９．４ｋｗ及４４．１ｋｗ渔船以１２°－１７°为宜。对网板的装配方式进行了重大改革。     

长江口渔场拖网渔业资源利用的结构分析

利用长江口渔场20世纪90年代的拖网生产资料，分析该渔场拖网生产的渔业资源种类及优势种的变化状况。结果表明：渔获物以底层鱼类为主，但是中上层鱼类也占有一定的比例；按照资源稳定状况，渔获物分为三种：1、资源状况较稳定的，如带鱼、小黄鱼、银鲳、梅童鱼；2、资源状况波动较大的，如鳓鱼、黄姑鱼、白姑鱼、海鳗、刀鲚、大黄鱼等；3、小型低值鱼，主要代表鱼种为黄鲫和龙头鱼。这些资源的稳定与否除了受高强度的捕捞和环境污染的影响外，在一定程度上与该物种对环境变化和外界压力的调节能力以及生命周期长短等因素有关。     

中国沿海底层拖网网型分析

作者根据中国沿海现有几十种较有代表性的底层有翼单囊拖网网具资料,统计了大量的网具设计参数,并根据拖网的结构特征和作业性能来分析研究结果,认为在中国沿海拖网渔业生产中,使用较多、效果良好并具有一定代表性的底层有翼单囊拖网的网型,主要有尾拖型、疏目型、改进疏目型和编结型四种,并认为这四种网型的作业性能可简单地归纳为:改进疏目型为高口中速;尾拖型为中口中速;编结型为中口高速;疏目型为低口快速。     

小型渔船绳拖网的研究与试验

１９９３～１９９５年，先后设计和试验了网口目大６ｍ，８ｍ，１０．８ｍ３种规格拖网，普遍增产２０％以上，本文着重介绍１３６ｋＷ渔船使用的网口目大８ｍ的拖网设计方法及试验情况，提出根据捕捞对象习性选择网身形状，根据网以力和渔船功率配置网线，并研究了网目尺寸和网口周长的确定以及网盖和网袖设计。