大网目底拖网在稳定流场中的数值模拟

通过有限单元法构建大网目底拖网渔具的数学模型,以计算在定常流条件下底拖网渔具的受力情况、网口扩张和渔具的形态变化。为了提高计算效率,提出了适用于拖网的网目群化方法。群化后的拖网模型为单元数6513的model-1模型和单元数1787的model-2模型两种规格,分别进行数值计算,并与水槽物理模型试验结果进行比较。结果表明,model-1模型和model-2模型在相同流速条件下的形态变化趋势基本一致;model-1的阻力计算结果相较于model-2更接近于物理模型试验结果,model-2的计算结果存在16%~26%的相对误差;两种数值模型的网口垂直扩张和水平扩张的计算结果与物理模型试验结果相近,最大相对误差仅5%~10%。数值模拟较好地呈现了大网目底拖网在稳定流场中的状态,可以在一定程度上代替传统的水槽模型试验,为拖网渔具设计和优化提供一种可供选择的数值分析方法。     

桁杆虾拖网选择性装置的试验分析

设计并研制了一种内、外圆环形刚性框架和柔性六角形网片组合而成的桁杆虾拖网选择性装置。所研制选择性装置在东海区近海桁杆虾拖网中,采用对比试验法开展了海上选择性试验,并针对试验期间主要渔获品种哈氏仿对虾,以Logistic曲线为选择性模型,对六角形网目水平缩结长度分别为D1=31.00 mm,D2=27.50 mm,D3=21.25 mm三种规格选择性装置的选择性效果进行分析。结果表明,3种规格选择性装置均具有选择性效果,其中安装六角形网目水平缩结长度为31.00 mm和27.50 mm的选择性装置的目标网囊内哈氏仿对虾的优势体长均为75~95 mm,相应非目标网囊内哈氏仿对虾的优势体长分别为25~45 mm和35~55 mm,具有较显著的差异性;而安装六角形网目水平缩结长度为21.25 mm的选择性装置的目标网囊内哈氏仿对虾的优势体长35~55 mm,相应非目标网囊内哈氏仿对虾的优势体长同为25~45 mm。六角形网目水平缩结长度31.00 mm的选择性装置对哈氏仿对虾的50%选择体长L50最大,为48.89 mm,而选择性范围SR最小,为16.75 mm,在试验规格范围内的选择性效果最显著。     

Influence of oceanographic conditions on abundance and distribution of post‐larval and juvenile carangid fishes in the northern Gulf of Mexico

Relationships between abundance of post‐larval and juvenile carangid (jacks) fishes and physical oceanographic conditions were examined in the northern Gulf of Mexico (GoM) in 2011 with high freshwater input from the Mississippi River. Generalized additive models (GAMs) were used to explore complex relationships between carangid abundance and physical oceanographic data of sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) and salinity. The five most abundant carangid species collected were: Selene setapinnis (34%); Caranx crysos (30%); Caranx hippos (10%); Chloroscombrus chrysurus (9%) and Trachurus lathami (8%). Post‐larval carangids (median standard length [SL] = 10 mm) were less abundant during the spring and early summer, but more abundant during the late summer and fall, suggesting summer to fall spawning for most species. Juvenile carangid (median SL = 23 mm) abundance also increased between the mid‐summer and early fall. Most species showed increased abundance at lower salinities and higher temperatures, suggesting entrainment of post‐larval fishes or feeding aggregations of juveniles at frontal convergence zones between the expansive river plume and dynamic mesoscale eddy water masses. However, responses were species‐ and life‐stage specific, which may indicate fine‐scale habitat partitioning between species. Ordination methods also revealed higher carangid abundances at lower salinities for both post‐larval and juvenile life stages, with species‐ and life‐stage specific responses to SST and SSHA, further suggesting habitat separation between species. Results indicate strong links between physical oceanographic features and carangid distributions in the dynamic northern GoM.     

Indirect effects of bottom fishing on the productivity of marine fish

One quarter of marine fish production is caught with bottom trawls and dredges on continental shelves around the world. Towed bottom‐fishing gears typically kill 20–50 per cent of the benthic invertebrates in their path, depending on gear type, substrate and vulnerability of particular taxa. Particularly vulnerable are epifaunal species, which stabilize the sediment and provide habitat for benthic invertebrates. To identify the habitats, fisheries or target species most likely to be affected, we review evidence of the indirect effects of bottom fishing on fish production. Recent studies have found differences in the diets of certain species in relation to bottom fishing intensity, thereby linking demersal fish to their benthic habitats at spatial scales of ~10 km. Bottom fishing affects diet composition and prey quality rather than the amount of prey consumed; scavenging of discarded by‐catch makes only a small contribution to yearly food intake. Flatfish may benefit from light trawling levels on sandy seabeds, while higher‐intensity trawling on more vulnerable habitats has a negative effect. Models suggest that reduction in the carrying capacity of habitats by bottom fishing could lead to lower equilibrium yield and a lower level of fishing mortality to obtain maximum yield. Trawling effort is patchily distributed – small fractions of fishing grounds are heavily fished, while large fractions are lightly fished or unfished. This patchiness, coupled with the foraging behaviour of demersal fish, may mitigate the indirect effects of bottom fishing on fish productivity. Current research attempts to scale up these localized effects to the population level.     

六片式拖网在几内亚渔场的适用性

拖网渔具必须适应渔场和捕捞对象的特征，这对提高渔获效果是十分重要的。本文对几内亚渔场所使用的48．78×56．64m六片式拖网的规格和主要性能参数作了具体分析，并对网衣配置、装配工艺和几个部位的工艺性处理作了详细的说明。通过生产实践和与其它几种网型的比较，证明了该种类型的拖网的优越性，以期对今后的渔业生产有所帮助。     

拖网中副渔获物分离栅的研究进展

由于拖网作业时选择性比较差，在捕捞目标种类的同时产生大量的副渔获物和抛弃，为此，世界上渔业发达国家在虾拖网和底层鱼拖网中，开发研究了副渔获物分离栅，取得了明显的效果。实践证明，拖网分离栅能够有效地提高拖网作业的选择性，降低副渔获物和抛弃，保护渔业资源，因此，许多国家通过立法使其被强制使用。文中笔者介绍了国外在分离栅方面的最新研究进展，为今后中国开展这方面的研究提供一些参考。     

智利竹鱼拖网最适网囊网目尺寸探讨

根据拖网网囊网目尺寸与鱼体生物学存在关系 ,对智利竹鱼的优势叉长组成、形体特征、初次性腺成熟时的叉长等进行了分析。通过现场测试得出 2 0 0 0年智利竹鱼的优势叉长为 2 5 0～ 30 0mm ;体高、体宽和体周与叉长存在线性关系 ,分别为 2a =0 .185 8L - 3 .5 2 19,2b =0 .1339L - 4.2 99,c =0 .480 3L - 3 .4794。并对智利竹鱼拖网网囊网目尺寸进行了分析与计算 ,认为智利竹鱼拖网网囊的最适网目内径为 115～ 12 0mm。     

闽中地区单拖作业捕捞能力的因子分析

单拖作业是福建省闽中地区重要的作业渔具之一。在捕捞生产过程中渔具受到诸多因素的影响,各种因素对渔具捕捞能力的影响程度不同,给捕捞力量的量化计算和管理带来困难。为了了解各因子对单拖作业捕捞能力发挥的影响程度,本文选择影响单拖捕捞能力发挥的12个因子指标,采用因子分析法对其进行分析。结果表明,可将影响单拖捕捞能力发挥的诸多因素归并为网具结构、渔船作业能力、船龄、渔民捕捞技能4个公共因子,它们在单拖捕捞过程中所做的贡献率依次为网具结构52.87%,渔船作业能力24.46%,船龄7.05%,捕捞技能4.73%。本文还计算和讨论了各样品船的因子得分,通过各因子的得分和综合得分,可对各样品船的捕捞能力发挥情况进行综合评价,为渔业生产和管理提供参考。     

六片式拖网性能的研究

利用１／７比例的网具模型，在拖曳水槽中对六片式拖网进行水槽试验。得出网口高度公式为：Ｈ＝０．１２１ＣＶ＾－０．８１１。网具阻力公式为：Ｒ＝０．０６９ｄ／ａＬＣＶ＾１．５５９。同时得出力纲上装配浮子能提高网口高度３．６％，上中纲与上纲长度之比不能大于０．１４０，上边纲长度可大于相对应的力纲３．３％等设计网具数据。     

广东大鹏湾虾拖网网囊网目选择性研究

虾拖网渔业是南海海域重要的作业方式之一,但尚未有关该渔业网目尺寸选择性的报道。为评价虾拖网渔具的渔获性能、合理利用虾类资源,在广东大鹏湾进行了网目选择性试验。试验采用双支架虾拖网作为试验网具,并使用套网法估算了网目内径为35、40和45 mm的网囊对主捕虾类的选择性。结果显示,虾类渔获中刀额新对虾、须赤虾、周氏新对虾和日本囊对虾渔获数量较多,比较以往资料,刀额新对虾和周氏新对虾优势体长、平均体长均有所下降,其它2种虾类平均体长未见明显变化;选择性分析结果显示,主捕虾类的L50随网目尺寸线性增大。根据试验结果并结合历史资料,笔者认为现阶段35 mm的网囊网目尺寸对于保护上述4种虾类资源是比较合适的。