Molecular Characterization of Equine Rotavirus Group A Detected in Argentinean Foals During 2009–2014

Equine rotavirus group A (RVA) has been detected in several countries worldwide since its first detection in 1975. Currently, equine RVA is considered the major cause of dehydrating diarrhea in foals younger than 3 months, and the frequency of detection in clinical cases varies from 20% to 77%. The genotypes of epidemiologic relevance found in horses are G3P[12] and G14P[12]. In a survey conducted in Argentina from 1992 to 2008, equine RVA was detected in 21% and 39% of the fecal samples and outbreaks, respectively. Genotype distribution was 51% G3P[12] and 33% G14P[12]. In continuation with the surveillance, the aim of the present study was to characterize the equine RVA detected in Thoroughbred foals in Argentina from 2009 to 2014. A total of 436 stool samples (corresponding to 177 single diarrhea cases or outbreaks) were analyzed. Equine RVA was detected in 31% (135 of 436) of the samples, which corresponded to 42% (74 of 177) of outbreaks. From the positive cases, 42% (57 of 135) were genotyped. Of this, 63% were G3 (36 of 57) and 37% (21 of 57) were G14 genotype. Considering the whole data (1992–2014), equine RVA was detected in 25% (300 of 1,207) of the stool samples and 41% (119 of 293) of the diarrhea outbreaks. The results of this study also show a cyclic pattern of the G3 and G14 prevalence in the horse population with a change in G3:G14 frequencies from year to year. Furthermore, clustering in the phylogenetic tree suggests evolutionary and geographic relationships between the Argentinean strains compared with the strain circulating worldwide.     

Stabilization mechanisms of organic matter in four temperate soils: Development and application of a conceptual model

Based on recent findings in the literature, we developed a process‐oriented conceptual model that integrates all three process groups of organic matter (OM) stabilization in soils namely (1) selective preservation of recalcitrant compounds, (2) spatial inaccessibility to decomposer organisms, and (3) interactions of OM with minerals and metal ions. The model concept relates the diverse stabilization mechanisms to active, intermediate, and passive pools. The formation of the passive pool is regarded as hierarchical structured co‐action of various processes that are active under specific pedogenetic conditions. To evaluate the model, we used data of pool sizes and turnover times of soil OM fractions from horizons of two acid forest and two agricultural soils. Selective preservation of recalcitrant compounds is relevant in the active pool and particularly in soil horizons with high C contents. Biogenic aggregation preserves OM in the intermediate pool and is limited to topsoil horizons. Spatial inaccessibility due to the occlusion of OM in clay microstructures and due to the formation of hydrophobic surfaces stabilizes OM in the passive pool. If present, charcoal contributes to the passive pool mainly in topsoil horizons. The importance of organo‐mineral interactions for OM stabilization in the passive pool is well‐known and increases with soil depth. Hydrophobicity is particularly relevant in acid soils and in soils with considerable inputs of charcoal. We conclude that the stabilization potentials of soils are site‐ and horizon‐specific. Furthermore, management affects key stabilization mechanisms. Tillage increases the importance of organo‐mineral interactions for OM stabilization, and in Ap horizons with high microbial activity and C turnover, organo‐mineral interactions can contribute to OM stabilization in the intermediate pool. The application of our model showed that we need a better understanding of processes causing spatial inaccessibility of OM to decomposers in the passive pool.     

Earthworm (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Metaphire guillelmi</Emphasis>) effects on rice photosynthates distribution in the plant–soil system

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of earthworm (Metaphire guillelmi) activities on rice photosynthates distribution in plant–soil system through ¹⁴C pulse-labelling method. Rice was planted in pots, and maize straw was mulched on the surface with or without earthworms. Rice plants at tillering stage or heading stage were labelled with ¹⁴CO₂. Plant and soil were sampled 15 days after labelling at the tillering or heading stage and at harvest. Rice growth was inhibited by earthworms (M. guillelmi) at early stage, but the inhibition disappeared at later stage. Earthworms significantly (P < 0.01) increased the ¹⁴C percentage in root at day 15 after tillering stage labelling, but the effect disappeared at harvest. Earthworms (M. guillelmi) significantly (P < 0.01) increased the ¹⁴C percentage in root at day 15 after heading stage labelling and increased ¹⁴C percentage in soil at harvest. Earthworms decreased the percentages of total organic ¹⁴C (TO¹⁴C) present as microbial biomass ¹⁴C (MB¹⁴C) and increased the percentages of total organic ¹⁴C present as dissolved organic ¹⁴C (DO¹⁴C) at all sampling times. It is suggested that earthworms might alter the transfer of plant photosynthates from the aboveground to the belowground, and thus, soil active C pool. However, these data should be also confirmed in the field.     

小麦条锈病菌新菌系G22-9(CYR34)和G22-14流行趋势预测

为预测小麦条锈病菌新菌系G22-9(CYR34)和G22-14的未来流行趋势,科学指导小麦抗病育种及条锈病治理,采用常规鉴定法于2009—2016年对甘肃省2 330份小麦条锈病菌标样进行了生理小种鉴定及消长动态监测,并对G22-9(CYR34)和G22-14的致病性及寄生适合度进行了测定。结果发现:新菌系G22-9(CYR34)和G22-14在甘肃省的出现频率加快,已从2009年的0分别上升到2016年的34.85%和6.43%,其中G22-9(CYR34)已发展为甘肃省第1位流行生理小种。与主流生理小种CYR32和CYR33相比较,G22-9(CYR34)和G22-14具有毒性谱宽、致病力强、寄生适合度高、哺育品种多等特点。建议在甘肃省特别是小麦条锈病常发易变区的陇南麦区,针对新菌系的出现,及时调整小麦品种布局及育种目标,以持续控制条锈病的发生流行。     

高比活度碳-14标记毒氟磷的合成与分析

以[14C]碳酸钡为放射性同位素原料,通过格氏反应、Curtius重排、亲核加成、硫代及关环等7步反应,制备了同位素碳-14标记的毒氟磷粗品,经反相高效液相色谱（RP-HPLC）纯化获得标记物纯品14C-毒氟磷（N-[2-（4-甲基苯并[2-14C]噻唑基）]-2-氨基-2-氟代苯基-O,O-二乙基甲基膦酸酯,38.3 mCi）。7步反应的化学收率/放化收率为10%。其结构经核磁共振氢谱、质谱和放射性高效液相色谱（HPLC-FSA）分析确认。放射性薄层成像分析（TLC-IIA）、高效液相色谱-液体闪烁测量联用分析（HPLC-LSC）、高效液相色谱-流动液体闪烁测量/二极管阵列检测器/质谱联用分析（HPLC-FSA/PDA/MS）和LSC分析表明,14C-毒氟磷的放化纯度和化学纯度均大于98%,比活度为58.0 mCi/mmol,可作为放射性示踪剂,用于毒氟磷的代谢和环境行为等研究。     

Does agricultural use of azole fungicides contribute to resistance in the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus?

Azole resistance in human fungal pathogens has increased over the past twenty years, especially in immunocompromised patients. Similarities between medical and agricultural azoles, and extensive azole (14α‐demethylase inhibitor, DMI) use in crop protection, prompted speculation that resistance in patients with aspergillosis originated in the environment. Aspergillus species, and especially Aspergillus fumigatus, are the largest cause of patient deaths from fungi. Azole levels in soils following crop spraying, and differences in sensitivity between medical and agricultural azoles (DMIs), indicate weaker selection in cropping systems than in patients receiving azole therapy. Most fungi have just one CYP51 paralogue (isozyme CYP51B), but in Aspergillus sp. mutations conferring azole resistance are largely confined to a second paralogue, CYP51A. Binding within the active centre is similar for medical and agricultural azoles but differences elsewhere between the two paralogues may ensure selection depends on the DMI used on crops. Two imidazoles, imazalil and prochloraz, have been widely used since the early 1970s, yet unlike triazoles they have not been linked to resistance in patients. Evidence that DMIs are the origin, or increase the frequency, of azole resistance in human fungal pathogens is lacking. Limiting DMI use would have serious impacts on disease control in many crops, and remove key tools in anti‐resistance strategies. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

大豆14-3-3蛋白与转录因子蛋白GmMYB173的互作

14-3-3蛋白家族在真核生物中普遍存在,可与其他蛋白相互作用,调控多种生理生化过程。MYB基因家族作为植物中最大的一类转录因子,广泛参与了植物的生长发育和代谢调控。本研究通过分析1个从自贡冬豆中克隆的MYB转录因子GmMYB173的亚细胞定位情况,发现GmMYB173在细胞核中特异表达;序列分析发现GmMYB173与GmMYB176相似,具有1个14-3-3蛋白的潜在结合结构域,即pST结合结构域。通过重叠延伸PCR (SOE-PCR)删除了GmMYB173序列中pST结合结构域编码序列,发现GmMYB173细胞核表达特异性消失。酵母双杂交互作分析表明,大豆基因组中所有具有表达的16个14-3-3蛋白GmSGF14a~GmSGF14p均能与GmMYB173互作。β-半乳糖苷酶活性分析发现,与GmMYB173互作最强的是GmSGF14n,GmSGF14k、GmSGF14e和GmSGF14o其次。这些结果说明14-3-3蛋白不仅与GmMYB173互作,且可能调控其在细胞内的定位,有助于研究14-3-3蛋白与GmMYB173的互作关系及其在大豆生长发育中的作用。     

甜瓜14-3-3基因家族全基因组鉴定与进化分析

以拟南芥的14-3-3蛋白保守结构域为探针序列,对甜瓜全基因组的蛋白质数据库进行搜索,获得9个14-3-3蛋白序列,其中ε类5个、非ε类4个。对甜瓜14-3-3基因家族进行了系统发生分析、内含子数量分析、序列相似性比对,通过对所有甜瓜的14-3-3蛋白相匹配的Unigene分析后发现,部分基因在多种组织中均有表达,部分基因在甜瓜果实以及花中高丰度特异表达,而且不同成员之间的表达模式存在较大差异。甜瓜14-3-3基因家族成员的分子进化及表达模式的研究结果表明基因重复后发生功能分化。     

日本囊对虾apo-14基因的全克隆及序列分析

以日本囊对虾(Marsupenaeus japonicus)肝胰腺组织为实验材料,提取总RNA,通过3′以及5 '-RACE基因克隆技术,首次在日本囊对虾中克隆到载脂蛋白apolipoprotein-14(apo-14)基因的全长序列,包含完整的ORF以及3′-UTR和5′-UTR.日本囊对虾apo-14 cDNA序列全长为784 bp,其中ORF长度为420 bp,编码139个氨基酸.对虾apo-14氨基酸序列与其他鱼类apo-14氨基酸序列有较高的相似性.