耕作侵蚀研究项目进展

土壤侵蚀是全球性的严重环境问题，而农耕地则是全球土壤侵蚀最严重的地区。农地上存在的水力等侵蚀早已被研究者认识到，并且已进行了大量的研究，但农地上存在的另一种侵蚀，也是从根本上导致农地土壤退化及产生严重水土流失的侵蚀，却在以往的土壤侵蚀研究中被大大地忽视，这就是耕作侵蚀。 　　耕作侵蚀是土壤物质在耕作机具的作用下发生分散、搬运、沉积的过程。在耕作侵蚀过程中，土壤物质主要在农地内发生再分布，在坡地上，这种再分布则主要表现为坡面土壤的从上向下运动。 　　耕作侵蚀作为一种新近认识到的重要侵蚀过程，已引起国际上的广泛关注。耕作侵蚀研究也已在各大洲迅速开展起来。1997年起，欧共体将耕作侵蚀列为大型研究项目，组织了7个国家的科学家协作攻关，研究范围包括到全部欧共体国家；1997年7月在加拿大多伦多（Toronto）举行了第1次耕作侵蚀国际会议；1999年4月在比利时鲁汶（Leuven）举行了第2次耕作侵蚀国际会议；2001年8月将在英国埃克塞特（Exeter）再次举行关于耕作侵蚀影响的重要国际会议。 　　我国是一个幅员辽阔，农业人口众多，耕种历史悠久的农业大国，坡耕地面积大，尤其与西方发达国家相比，坡耕地普遍较短，较陡，较崎岖，且各地的耕作机具与耕作方式差异较大，因此，耕作侵蚀是在我国广泛存在、形式多样的一种重要类型的土壤侵蚀。为了认识我国坡耕地的耕作侵蚀规律，进而发展科学的坡耕地保护性耕作技术，我们从1999年开始，在我国黄土高原开展了耕作侵蚀研究。 　　我们在主持的国家自然科学基金项目“黄土地区耕作侵蚀评价”（1999—2001）、中国科学院水土保持研究所知识创新工程项目课题“耕作侵蚀过程与模拟”（1999—）及陕西省人事厅留学回国人员科技活动择优资助项目“农地耕作侵蚀研究”（2000—2002）的资助下，通过前两年的研究，已获得了黄土地区耕作侵蚀过程中的土壤再分布规律、黄土地区耕作侵蚀模型，黄土地区耕作侵蚀强度及其空间分布特征，以及黄土地区耕作侵蚀在总土壤侵蚀中的重要性及其空间变化规律。目前，我们正在对该地区耕作侵蚀其它方面的内容进行研究，各个项目进展顺利。 (王占礼，中国科学院 水利部 水土保持研究所， 陕西 杨凌 712100)     

TDZ和BA对诱导大豆胚轴植株再生的影响

大豆未成熟种子和萌动种子胚轴在含有ＴＤＺ和ＢＡ的培养基上,通过器官发生,可获得再生株。培养基中同时加入ＴＤＺ和ＢＡ〈能够增加不定芽的形成和再生株的数量,其中以２．０ｍｇ／ＬＢＡ＋０．７５ｍｇ／ＬＴＤＡ处理再生效率最高。诱导培养基中适当增加ＮＡＡ浓度有利于不定芽的分化。     

Trade-off between height growth and spring flushing in common beech (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Fagus sylvatica</Emphasis> L.)

• Introduction   

The annual development cycle of boreal and temperate trees results from an evolutionary trade-off between two opposing forces. These are namely, the adjustment of leaf phenology to the timing of frost occurrence at the beginning and/or the end of the growth season countered by an effective adjustment to the duration of the growth season to maximise photosynthesis and biomass production during the growing season.     

Histology of corpuscles of Stannius in Lake Van fish (Alburnus tarichi Güldenstädt, 1814) (Cyprinidae)

In the present study, the location, histology and number of corpuscles of Stannius (Sc), which are endocrine glands associated with the kidneys of teleost fish, were investigated for the first time in Lake Van fish (Alburnus tarichi), an anadromous and endemic inhabiting Turkey's Lake Van Basin. The Sc, which were ovoid or spheroid and white or cream in colour, were found to vary in number between three and five among the examined fish. The glands were located in the caudal part of the kidney, and either partially or completely embedded, and found to be present on both the ventral and dorsal surface of either side of the caudal part of the kidney. The Sc were surrounded by a connective tissue capsule that penetrated and divided the gland into incomplete lobules. Two types of cells were determined in the parenchyma of the gland. Type-I cells were predominant throughout the parenchyma and larger than the second (type-II). In the type-I cells, the cytoplasm was observed as weakly or moderately eosinophilic with haematoxylin and eosin staining and weakly or moderately acidophilic with Mallory's triple staining. In the type-I cells, the cytoplasm exhibited weak to moderate periodic acid-Schiff staining and slight or uniform staining with aldehyde fuchsin. The type-II cells were round, had a darkly stained spherical nucleus and were dispersed among the type-I cells. They displayed no cytoplasmic staining with the abovementioned stains.     

发酵构树饲料对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分表观消化率和血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中不同比例发酵构树饲料对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分表观消化率和血清生化指标的影响。试验选取35日龄、体重为(7.4±1.1)kg的健康断奶仔猪216头,随机分为Ⅰ(对照)、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组,每组3个重复,每个重复18头仔猪。其中,Ⅰ组饲喂基础饲粮;Ⅱ组饲喂3%发酵构树饲料+97%基础饲粮;Ⅲ组饲喂6%发酵构树饲料+94%基础饲粮;Ⅳ组饲喂9%发酵构树饲料+91%基础饲粮。预试期5 d,正试期25 d。结果表明:1)与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组断奶仔猪的腹泻率显著降低(P<0.05),各组间平均日采食量(ADFI)、平均日增重(ADG)和料重比(F/G)无显著差异(P>0.05)。2)与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组粗蛋白质(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)、钙(Ca)和磷(P)表观消化率均显著降低(P<0.05)。3)Ⅲ组血清总胆固醇(TC)含量较Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ组显著降低(P<0.05);各组间其他血清生化指标无显著差异(P>0.05)。4)各组间血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量及总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上所述,饲粮中不同比例发酵构树饲料可以显著降低断奶仔猪的腹泻率,未对生长性能、血清生化指标和抗氧化指标产生不利影响,其中6%的替代比例效果最佳。     

用流量传感器实现控制粘度加热输送工艺

由于来油组分的不断改变,原油的日输量与温度、粘度之间不可能建立准确的数学模 型,使得加热泵站不论用控制温度加热输送工艺,还是用控制粘度加热输送工艺,都不可能根据生 产任务准确地确定加热原油的温度,或加热后出站原油的粘度,这就给调度工作带来不便。由于出 站油粘度稳定和流量稳定是等效的,由此提出用流量传感器代替粘度传感器组成自动控制系统来 控制加热炉温度,以实现控制粘度加热输送工艺。根据原油的日输量能够准确地计算出原油的流 量,能极大地方便生产调度工作。分析了使用流量传感器的主要优点:可省去采样管道的设计和施 工;不必购置专用的流量传感器;如果输送途中环境温度下降,使管道中原油粘度增大、流量减小 时,泵站的流量传感器会反应出流量减小,并通过自动控制系统提高加热炉温度,使输油更加安全。 可靠。     

应用聚合酶链反应快速检测沙门氏菌

根据沙门氏菌组氨酸转运操纵子基因序列设计引物，对沙门氏菌属A－F各群中共15株沙门氏菌标准菌株、27株沙门氏菌现场分离菌株和其他10株非沙门氏菌菌株进行聚合酶链反应（PCR）扩增，结果沙门氏菌均出现495bp特异性DNA扩增条带，所有对照均未出现特异条带，提示这对引物具有很强的沙门氏菌属特异性。PCR敏感性试验显示，该体系能检出14pg以上的沙门氏菌DNA。通过对5种不同的DNA模板提取方法的比较，选择操作简便、快速、成本低廉的热裂解法。采用该方法。采用该方法，对生鲜奶样进行检测，经与国家标准卫生检验方法相比较，两者符合率达100％。     

Determination of Energy Use Efficiency and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions of Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) Production in Adıyaman Province

The purpose of this research is to perform the energy use efficiency and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of pistachio production. This research was performed for 2016 and 2017 production season in Ad?yaman province of Turkey in dry conditions in 2017. The data supplied from research were collected from 152 different farms by face to face surveys with simple random sampling method. The agricultural input energies and output energies used in pistachio production were computed to determine the energy use efficiency. According to the research findings, the energy inputs in pistachio production were computed respectively as 4561.11?MJ ha^?1 (35.50%) diesel fuel energy, 3206.24?MJ ha^?1 (24.96%) chemical fertilizers energy, 2420.93?MJ ha^?1 (18.84%) machinery energy, 1020.06?MJ ha^?1 (7.94%) human labour energy, 715.69?MJ ha^?1 (5.57%) animal labour energy, 656.95?MJ ha^?1 (5.11%) farmyard manure energy and 266.16?MJ ha^?1 (2.07%) chemicals energy. Total input energy was computed as 12,847.14?MJ ha^?1. Energy values of pistachio yield were computed as 15,008.65?MJ ha^?1. Energy use efficiency, specific energy, energy productivity and net energy computations were computed respectively as 1.17, 22.32?MJ kg^?1, 0.04?kg MJ^?1 and 2161.51?MJ ha^?1. The consumed total energy input in pistachio production can be classified as 49.01% direct, 50.99% indirect, 18.62% renewable and 81.38% non-renewable. Total GHG emission was computed as 1123.72?kg CO_2?eqha^?1 for pistachio production with the greatest portions for human labour (32.42%). The human labour followed up chemical fertilizers usage (23.21%), diesel fuel consumption (19.89%), machinery usage (15.30%), farmyard manure usage (5.65%), chemicals usage (3.25%) and animal labour usage (0.27%), respectively. Additionally, GHG ratio value was computed as 1.95 kgCO_2?eqkg^?1 in pistachio production.

     

斜纹夜蛾侧沟茧蜂寄生对斜纹夜蛾幼虫几种行为的影响

以斜纹夜蛾侧沟茧蜂及其最适寄主斜纹夜蛾2龄幼虫为研究对象,研究斜纹夜蛾侧沟茧蜂寄生对斜纹夜蛾幼虫几种行为的影响。研究结果表明:被寄生的斜纹夜蛾幼虫在生长发育后期的位移、取食和分布均发生了一系列显著变化,被寄生的斜纹夜蛾幼虫生长发育后期位移和取食均极显著受到抑制,被寄生的斜纹夜蛾幼虫生长后期在叶片背面和其它地方的分布比例均显著高于未被寄生幼虫。在被寄生的1~6 d,被寄生幼虫爬行速度均大于未被寄生的幼虫。