贵州茶树种质资源数据库的建立研究

通过对贵州现有茶树资源资料的收集、整理和发掘，从而建立贵州茶树种质资源数据库。本文对建立数据库的要求和方法进行了论述，并说明建立的重要和价值。     

辣椒单倍体与双单倍体植株叶片光合作用研究

对辣椒单倍体和双单倍体植株的光合作用进行了研究。结果表明 ,在不同光照条件下 ,单倍体植株净光合速率均明显比双单倍体低。在弱光照下 ,气孔的限制作用是单倍体植株净光合速率较低的主要原因 ;而在正常光照下 ,非气孔限制因素是净光合速率降低的主要原因。单倍体植株在强光下受到明显的光抑制 ,单倍体植株净光合速率、气孔导度和表观量子效率均较低 ,在正常光照条件下羧化效率较低 ;光补偿点和细胞间隙CO2 补偿点较高等均是单倍体植株的重要特征     

Genetic variability in antibiotic resistance to the greenbug Schizaphis graminum in Hordeum chilense

Hordeum chilense (Roem. et Schult), a native grass of South America, is a source of antixenotic and antibiotic resistance to the greenbug Schizaphis graminum Rondani. The genetic and environmental components of the variability in antibiotic resistance shown by H. chilense were determined by measuring the developmental time, the length of adult life, fecundity and intrinsic rate of population increase of green-bugs reared on this host. The aphids belonged to a clone of biotype C. Plants were cloned to reduce the incidence of environmental variability. Different plant characters appeared to prolong aphid developmental time and reduce the length of adult life and total fecundity. The broad sense heritability and the genetic variability of these plant characters were different. The plant character that affected aphid development appears to differ from that affecting fecundity.     

模拟降雨条件下成垄压实对硝态氮迁移的影响

利用人工模拟降雨研究了成垄压实施肥条件下不同的垄坡度及不同压实的障碍层对硝态氮迁移的影响。结果表明,对一次60mm的降雨,无障碍层存在时,平地施肥条件下NO3--N淋溶剧烈,土壤表层施肥部位的NO3--N仅余总施入量的0.1%左右。垄沟施肥因其将入渗水分与施肥区分开,从而可以降低NO3--N的淋溶。不同的垄坡度对NO3--N的淋溶略有影响,30垄坡条件下上层土壤NO-残留量略大于20、40。相对于不同坡度垄沟,在施肥带部位通过压实形成水分运动的障碍层对防止NO3--N淋溶的效果较为显著,当压实层的土壤容重为1.36g/cm3时,施肥部位残余NO3--N就可达727.40mg,占原施入量的17.2%;对容重1.42g/cm3的压实层,其施肥部位残余NO3--N已占到原施入量的23.6%。以上结果表明通过压实在施肥部位形成障碍层的成垄压实施肥法,减小通过施肥区的入渗水量,从而可减少施肥部位的NO3--N随入渗水分向深层土壤的迁移和累积,这对提高氮肥利用率,保护地下水资源具有重要意义。     

Spatial and vertical distribution of <Superscript>137</Superscript>Cs in soils in the erosive area of southeastern Serbia (Pčinja and South Morava River Basins)

Purpose

The area of southeastern Serbia, the P?inja and South Morava River Basins, is under the influence of very strong erosion, and the aim of this study was to investigate the vertical and spatial distribution of the ¹³⁷Cs in the eroded soils of this area.

Materials and methods

Vertical soil profiles were collected with 5-cm increments from the uppermost layer down to 20, 25, 30, 40, and 50 cm of depth, depending on the thickness of the soil layers, i.e., down to the underlying parent rocks. Measurements of ¹³⁷Cs activity concentration were performed by using the HPGe gamma-ray spectrometer ORTEC-AMETEK (34 % relative efficiency and high resolution 1.65 keV at 1.33 MeV for ⁶⁰Co), from its gamma-ray line at 661.2 keV.

Results and discussion

The mean ¹³⁷Cs activity concentration across all 18 soil profiles (for all soil layers) was found to be 20 Bq kg^?1. In the greatest number of soil profiles, the ¹³⁷Cs activity concentration was generally highest in the first soil layer (0–5 cm) and decreased with soil depth, while in a few soil profiles, the peak of either the ¹³⁷Cs activity concentration occurred in the second soil layer (5–10 cm) or the ¹³⁷Cs activity concentration was almost equal throughout the entire soil profile. The mean ¹³⁷Cs activity concentration in the first soil layer (0–5 cm) was found to be 61 Bq kg^?1, and the high coefficient of variation of 92 % pointed out high spatial variability and large range of the ¹³⁷Cs activity concentrations in the study area.

Conclusions

The obtained results indicate that in the greatest number of soil profiles, ¹³⁷Cs is present in the upper layers, with concentration decreasing with depth, as is typical in uncultivated soil. Its spatial distribution was very uneven among the surface soil layers of the investigated sites. One of the main reasons for such pattern of ¹³⁷Cs in the study area may be soil erosion. Additional investigations which would support this hypothesis are required.

     

Degradation Kinetics of an Aged Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soil

PM2.5 and PM10 samples were collected in the urban atmosphere of Elche (southeastern Spain) between December 2004 and November 2005. The samples were analyzed for mass and water-soluble inorganic ions (Na⁺, an class="a-plus-plus inline-equation id-i-eq1"> an class="a-plus-plus equation-source format-t-e-x">${\text{NH}}^{{\text{ + }}}_{{\text{4}}}$an> an>, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl^?, an class="a-plus-plus inline-equation id-i-eq2"> an class="a-plus-plus equation-source format-t-e-x">${\text{NO}}^{{\text{ - }}}_{{\text{3}}}$an> an> and an class="a-plus-plus inline-equation id-i-eq3"> an class="a-plus-plus equation-source format-t-e-x">${\text{SO}}^{{{\text{2 - }}}}_{{\text{4}}}$an> an>) with the aim of investigating the influence of the climatic and geographic features of a coastal semiarid area on the contribution of these species to PM levels. Secondary inorganic ions (an class="a-plus-plus inline-equation id-i-eq4"> an class="a-plus-plus equation-source format-t-e-x">${\text{SO}}^{{{\text{2 - }}}}_{{\text{4}}}$an> an>, an class="a-plus-plus inline-equation id-i-eq5"> an class="a-plus-plus equation-source format-t-e-x">${\text{NO}}^{{\text{ - }}}_{{\text{3}}}$an> an>, an class="a-plus-plus inline-equation id-i-eq6"> an class="a-plus-plus equation-source format-t-e-x">${\text{NH}}^{{\text{ + }}}_{{\text{4}}}$an> an>) were the major components in the fine fraction (PM2.5), accounting for 40% of the total mass. The relationship between non-marine an class="a-plus-plus inline-equation id-i-eq7"> an class="a-plus-plus equation-source format-t-e-x">${\text{SO}}^{{{\text{2 - }}}}_{{\text{4}}}$an> an> and an class="a-plus-plus inline-equation id-i-eq8"> an class="a-plus-plus equation-source format-t-e-x">${\text{NH}}^{{\text{ + }}}_{{\text{4}}}$an> an> indicated that fine sulfate particles were completely neutralized by ammonium. In the coarse fraction (PM10–2.5), nitrate (as NaNO₃ and Ca(NO₃)₂), together with crustal (CaCO₃) and marine species (NaCl) accounted for almost 50% of the total mass. Fine sulfate and coarse nitrate showed summer maximums. In contrast, the concentrations of fine an class="a-plus-plus inline-equation id-i-eq9"> an class="a-plus-plus equation-source format-t-e-x">${\text{NO}}^{{\text{ - }}}_{{\text{3}}}$an> an> were lowest in the warm period. Ammonium presented both winter and summer maximums. The levels of marine ions, except for coarse Cl^?, were highest in summer when the dominant wind flow is from the sea. No significant seasonal variations were observed for coarse Ca²⁺ and an class="a-plus-plus inline-equation id-i-eq10"> an class="a-plus-plus equation-source format-t-e-x">${\text{SO}}^{{{\text{2 - }}}}_{{\text{4}}}$an> an>. The concentrations of all inorganic ions increased during Saharan dust events, in particular, fine an class="a-plus-plus inline-equation id-i-eq11"> an class="a-plus-plus equation-source format-t-e-x">${\text{NH}}^{{\text{ + }}}_{{\text{4}}}$an> an> and an class="a-plus-plus inline-equation id-i-eq12"> an class="a-plus-plus equation-source format-t-e-x">${\text{SO}}^{{{\text{2 - }}}}_{{\text{4}}}$an> an> and coarse an class="a-plus-plus inline-equation id-i-eq13"> an class="a-plus-plus equation-source format-t-e-x">$NO_3^ - $an> an>. Coarse calcium was proved not to be a good tracer for this type of episode in our region since the average levels of this cation are elevated and the relative increase in its concentrations during African events was not as high as expected.     

Biochemical composition and kinetics of C and N mineralization of animal wastes: a typological approach

Forty-seven different animal wastes were characterized using chemical and organic matter fractionation methods (water extraction and Van Soest method) and 224-day incubation studies to assess their decomposition in soil. Simple correlation and multiple factor analysis were performed to establish relationships between the composition of these wastes and C and N mineralization. Carbon and N contents ranged from 101 to 469 mg C kg⁻¹ dry matter (d.m.) and from 4 to 39 mg N kg⁻¹ d.m. Soluble C and N represented less than 9% of organic C and 1.5% of total N at 20°C, respectively. The C fractions soluble at 100°C or in neutral detergent were larger and represented 14 and 32% of the organic C, respectively. The hemicellulose-like (HEM) and cellulose-like (CEL) fractions contained about 16.5 and 6% of the organic N, respectively. The C distribution in the lignin-like (LIG) and CEL fractions was comparable, but the former contained more N. Carbon mineralization varied from 5 to 62% of the organic C added during the 224-day incubation; 70% of the wastes induced net N mineralization at the end of incubation (from 3 to 51% of organic N). Other wastes induced net soil inorganic N immobilization, from −1 to −31% of the organic N added. Most highly significant correlations were established between the C mineralization and the C present in the water-soluble fraction at 20°C, and the HEM and LIG fractions. Relationships between N mineralization and biochemical characteristics were weak, except with the soluble Van Soest fraction, and highly significant correlations were observed between N mineralization rates calculated at 224 days of incubation and the organic N content or C/N ratio of wastes. Finally, an objective hierarchical classification based on composition criteria and C and N mineralization led to the definition of six different classes of wastes. It permitted differentiation between four composted wastes and intrinsically different wastes (i.e., cattle manures, pig manures, and poultry manures) which could not be objectively regrouped. It also placed some very different types of waste (solid phase from pig slurry separation, pig manures, and composted pig mixtures) in the same class.     

猪舍夏季降温技术应用研究现状

叙述了国内外猪舍夏季降温技术研究与应用的现状及存在的问题，喷淋、湿垫—风机降温系统、细雾蒸发降温系统一般被应用于降低猪舍内的高温。对于夏季降温技术研究应继续完善已有的降温方法在猪舍的应用，同时要开展针对我国气候特点及猪舍建筑实际的夏季降温方式，特别是南方炎热地区开放型猪舍的降温技术措施的研究。     

Agricultural studies of GM maize and the field experimental infrastructure of ECOGEN

Within the ECOGEN project, long-term field experiments with genetically modified maize, Zea mays L. were conducted to study agro-ecological effects on the soil fauna and agro-economic implications of the technology. Here, we describe the study-sites, experimental layout and results of agro-economic relevance. Experiments were conducted during 2002–2005 in Denmark (Foulum), northern France (Varois) and the Midi-Pyrenees region of southern France (Narbons). MON810 Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)-varieties expressing the Cry1Ab protein, and a T25 glufosinate-ammonium (Basta) tolerant variety expressing the pat-gene encoding phosphinotrinacetyl-transferase were compared with near-isogenic non-Bt varieties, and conventional maize varieties. At Foulum, the maize was harvested for silage. There were no significant differences in yield between Bt-maize and a near-isogenic non-Bt variety, while a small difference in N-concentration of dry matter was detected in 1 year in a range of a measured quality parameters. Similar yield and quality were found in ploughed and reduced tillage treatments in all varieties. At Varois, the maize was harvested at ripeness and no significant differences in grain yield between Bt-maize and near-isogenic non-Bt varieties were found. These results were expected, as only Narbons harbours significant corn-borer populations. At Narbons, the number of Sesamia and Ostrinia corn-borer larvae were significantly lower in the Bt-maize than in a near-isogenic non-Bt variety and for Sesamia even less than in conventional varieties sprayed with pesticides to control corn-borer infestation. Here, Bt-maize produced a higher grain yield and grain size than a near-isogenic non-Bt variety or allowed a significant reduction in pesticide use. Concentrations of Cry1Ab in the Bt-varieties were sufficient to effectively control corn-borer larvae. In soil, Cry1Ab was close to the limit of detection and the protein did not accumulate in the soil year on year.     

首都圈典型区土地退化的原因分析

 根据野外工作,在地理信息系统和遥感技术的支持下,探讨以防止风蚀为目的的首都圈的范围及主要特征,着重分析首都圈典型地区土地退化的机制、分布状况和防治的季节。结果表明,土地退化的主要原因是近年持续干旱少雨,土地利用的强度过大,以及在干旱季节里没有适当的防护措施等。建议采用适宜于首都圈的封育和垄耕等防治措施。