磺胺二甲嘧啶在猪体内的代谢动力学研究

7头猪(65.14±9.65kg)单剂量静注100mg/kg磺胺二甲嘧啶。给药后分别在不同时间间隔采集血样,用分光光度计测定血中游离磺胺浓度。血药浓度随时间变化符合开放二室模型,所得主要动力学参数为。分布半衰期(t1/2a)0.22±0.88(h);消除半衰期(t1/2)15.32±1.44(h);表观分布容积(V_d)4.8840±0.7821(100ml/kg);清除率(Cl_B)0.2221±0.0372(h×100ml/kg);药时曲线下面积(AUC)461.27±79.21(h×mg/100ml)有效血药浓度维持时间(Tcp(ther))31.14±4.39(h)。本文还根据单剂量给药参数推算了多剂量给药方案,供兽医临床参考应用。     

叠加法拟定给药方案的理论和实例

叠加法是工程技术上经常运用的数学方法,移植到药物代谢动力学领域用作简便的拟定给药方案的非房室法。文章依据药动学原理系统地推导和定义了应用该法拟定给药方案所必需的若干数学式子,并以作者试验材料为例,介绍如何正确运用这些式子制定合理的给药方案。     

磺溴酞和酚磺酞在猪兔鸡的比较药动学研究

磺溴酞和酚磺酞静注后在猪均具中等分布容积和高清除率特征，在兔呈高分布容积和中清除率特征，在鸡则是低分布容积和低消除率。３种动物比较，猪对两药的消除能力最强，兔体内易于药物分布，鸡对药物的消除和分布均相对较弱。两药在同种动物体内的分布动力学无显著差异，但ＢＳＰ的消除速度和程度比ＰＳＰ大。结果说明，动物种属是决定药物体内过程的首要因素，药物的结构及消除方式是其次。在药物的使用、研制和评价过程中应对药动     

磺胺嘧啶在成年绵羊体内的药物代谢动力学研究

报道了磺胺嘧啶在５头健康成年绵羊体内的药物代谢动力学过程。于给药后不同时间采集血液样本，并用重氮──偶合比色法分析了游离磺胺嘧啶血液中的浓度．药代动力学的结果显示，４只绵羊的血药浓度──时间数据适合放开式二室模型，１只绵羊的血药浓度──时间数据符合开放式三室模型。研究选用ＭＣＰＫＰ自动化药动学程序进行药代动力学结果计算，药动学能数：分布半衰期为０．６６±０．３２（ｎ），消除半衰期为５．５５±１．６２（ｈ），中央室消除速率常数（Ｋｅｌ）为０．３３６８±０．１０（ｈ－１），总表现分布容积（ＶＢ）为７．４６±１．９８（Ｌ／ｋｇ），总清除率（Ｌ／Ｂ）为０．４９５０±０．２７（Ｌ／ｋｇ／ｈ），曲线下面积（ＡＵＣ）为０．４６±０．１８（ｍｇ／Ｌ·ｈ）。     

Pharmacokinetics,efficacy and convulsive dose of articaine hydrochloride in goat kids

ObjectiveTo investigate the pharmacokinetics, efficacy and convulsive dose of articaine hydrochloride in goat kids.Study designExperimental prospective study.AnimalsA total of 18 (n = 6 animals per experiment) male Saanen goat kids (2–4 weeks old).MethodsThe study consisted of three experiments. The first determined the pharmacokinetics of articaine following intravenous administration of articaine hydrochloride (8 mg kg^–1). The second experiment investigated the anaesthetic efficacy and pharmacokinetics following cornual nerve block using 1.5% articaine hydrochloride. Anaesthesia of horn buds was evaluated using the response to pinprick test. Non-compartmental analysis was used. The final experiment determined the convulsive dose of articaine and its corresponding plasma concentration following intravenous infusion of articaine hydrochloride (4 mg kg^–1 minute^–1). Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation.ResultsThe mean terminal half-life (t_1/2λz), mean volume of distribution at steady state (Vd_ss) and mean plasma clearance (CL) of articaine following intravenous administration were 0.66 hour, 3.81 L kg^–1 and 5.33 L hour^–1 kg^–1, respectively. After cornual nerve block, the mean maximum plasma concentration of articaine was 587 ng mL^–1 at 0.22 hour and its mean t_1/2λz was 1.26 hours. Anaesthesia of horn buds was observed within 4 minutes following cornual nerve block. The mean dose required to produce convulsions was 16.24 mg kg^–1 and mean convulsive plasma concentrations of articaine and articainic acid were 9905 and 1517 ng mL^–1, respectively.ConclusionsIntravenous administration of 8 mg kg^–1 of articaine hydrochloride did not cause any adverse effects. Pharmacokinetic data suggest that articaine was rapidly eliminated and cleared. Cornual nerve block using 1.5% articaine hydrochloride alleviated the response to the acute nociceptive stimulus during disbudding.Clinical relevanceArticaine hydrochloride appears to be a safe and effective local anaesthetic for disbudding in goat kids.     

Pharmacokinetics of a high-concentration formulation of buprenorphine (Simbadol) in male dogs

ObjectiveTo describe the pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine in dogs following administration of a high-concentration formulation of buprenorphine.Study designProspective, randomized, crossover study.AnimalsA total of six healthy male intact Beagle dogs, aged 9–13 months and weighing 10.3 ± 1.4 kg (mean ± standard deviation).MethodsDogs were randomized to be administered buprenorphine (0.12 mg kg^–1; Simbadol, 1.8 mg mL^–1) via the intravenous (lateral saphenous) or subcutaneous (dorsal interscapular) route followed by the alternative route of administration after a 14 day interval. Blood was sampled before administration and at set times up to 72 hours after injection. Plasma buprenorphine concentration was measured using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry.ResultsA three-compartment model with zero or biphasic rapid and slow first-order input in (intravenous or subcutaneous data, respectively) and first-order elimination from the central compartment best fitted the data. The rapid first-order input accounted for 63% of the dosage absorption. Typical values (% interindividual variability) for the three compartment volumes were 900 (33), 2425 (not estimated) and 6360 (28) mL kg^–1. The metabolic and two distribution clearances were 25.7 (21), 107.5 (74) and 5.7 (61) mL minute^–1 kg^–1. The absorption half-life for the fast absorption phase was 8.9 minutes with a 0.7 (103) minute delay. The absorption half-life for the slow absorption phase was 347 minutes with a 226 (42) minute delay. Median (range) bioavailability calculated from noncompartmental analysis was 143 (80–239)%. Calculated terminal half-life was 963 minutes.Conclusions and clinical relevanceThe high-concentration formulation of buprenorphine administered subcutaneously had a large volume of distribution and a rapid absorption phase followed by slower, delayed absorption. The high estimate of bioavailability should be interpreted with caution as values above 100% are most commonly related to experimental issues.     

Influence of general anaesthesia on the intravenous acetaminophen pharmacokinetics in Beagle dogs

ObjectiveTo determine if general anaesthesia influences the intravenous (IV) pharmacokinetics (PK) of acetaminophen in dogs.Study designProspective, crossover, randomized experimental study.AnimalsA group of nine healthy Beagle dogs.MethodsAcetaminophen PK were determined in conscious and anaesthetized dogs on two separate occasions. Blood samples were collected before, and at 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 90 minutes and 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 hours after 20 mg kg^–1 IV acetaminophen administration. Haematocrit, total proteins, albumin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, urea and creatinine were determined at baseline and 24 hours after acetaminophen. The anaesthetized group underwent general anaesthesia (90 minutes) for dental cleaning. After the administration of dexmedetomidine (3 μg kg^–1) intramuscularly, anaesthesia was induced with propofol (2–3 mg kg^–1) IV, followed by acetaminophen administration. Anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in 50% oxygen (Fe′Iso 1.3–1.5%). Dogs were mechanically ventilated. Plasma concentrations were analysed with high-performance liquid chromatography. PK analysis was undertaken using compartmental modelling. A Wilcoxon test was used to compare PK data between groups, and clinical laboratory values between groups, and before versus 24 hours after acetaminophen administration. Data are presented as median and range (p < 0.05).ResultsA two-compartmental model best described time–concentration profiles of acetaminophen. No significant differences were found for volume of distribution values 1.41 (0.94–3.65) and 1.72 (0.89–2.60) L kg^–1, clearance values 1.52 (0.71–2.30) and 1.60 (0.91–1.78) L kg^–1 hour^–1 or terminal elimination half-life values 2.45 (1.45–8.71) and 3.57 (1.96–6.35) hours between conscious and anaesthetized dogs, respectively. Clinical laboratory variables were within normal range. No adverse effects were recorded.Conclusions and clinical relevanceIV acetaminophen PK in healthy Beagle dogs were unaffected by general anaesthesia under the study conditions. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the PK in different clinical contexts.     

氟甲喹在大菱鲆体内的药代动力学研究

为探讨氟甲喹在大菱鲆体内的药代动力学特征,在水温14~17℃条件下,以20 mg/kg的剂量静脉注射和口服氟甲喹,分别于给药后15、30 min和1、2、4、6、8、12、16、24、36、48、72、96 h采血及各组织,利用高效液相色谱法测定血浆和各组织中的氟甲喹含量,采用DAS 2.0药动学软件中统计矩方法分析药代动力学参数。结果显示,静注给药后,血浆中氟甲喹的表观分布容积为5.46 L/kg,消除半衰期为56.93 h,曲线下面积、生物利用度分别为220.32 h·mg/L、100%;口服给药后,血浆中氟甲喹的曲线下面积、生物利用度分别为95.85 h·mg/L和43.51%,达峰时间为16 h,表观分布容积为4.21 L/kg,消除半衰期为14.12 h。结果表明,静注和口服氟甲喹在大菱鲆体内组织分布均较广,但静注消除慢,口服吸收差、消除快。口服给药后,血浆中氟甲喹浓度在24 h内高于对常见病菌的抑菌浓度,因此,每天以20 mg/kg的剂量给药1次,可对常见细菌疾病起到较好防治效果。     

桔梗石油醚提取物对酒石酸泰乐菌素在小鼠体内的药代动力学及组织分布的影响

以酒石酸泰乐菌素为靶标药物,探究药物中加入桔梗石油醚提取物对小鼠血浆中的药代动力学特征及组织分布的影响。采用高效液相色谱法测定不同时间点小鼠血浆及心脏、肝、肺、肾中酒石酸泰乐菌素的浓度,运用PKsolver程序及SPSS19.0统计软件处理数据,用非房室模型分析药代动力学参数。结果表明:酒石酸泰乐菌素的血–药时曲线呈现多峰;与对照组(药物未加桔梗石油醚提取物)相比,桔梗石油醚提取物组(桔梗组)消除半衰期和达峰时间均变短,达峰浓度降低;药时曲线下面积减少,而表观分布容积增加;平均滞留时间缩短,而药物清除率增大;组织分布图显示,与对照组相比,桔梗石油醚组小鼠心脏中的药物浓度明显比肺、肝、肾中药物浓度高,说明桔梗石油醚提取物改变了酒石酸泰乐菌素在小鼠体内的组织分布。综合分析,桔梗石油醚提取物对酒石酸泰乐菌素在小鼠体内的药代动力学特征有较大影响,表现为加快了药物的吸收速度,但减轻了吸收程度;使药物在体内分布更广泛,却加快了其在体内的消除速度。     

Pharmacokinetics of oxolinic acid in black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon Fabricius, and the effect of cooking on residues

This study examined the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of oxolinic acid (OA) in black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon Fabricius, in brackish water (salinity 10 g L^?1) at 28–29°C, after intra‐sinus (10 mg kg^?1) and oral (50 mg kg^?1) administration and also investigated the net changes of OA residues in the shrimp after cooking (boiling, baking and frying). The haemolymph concentrations of OA after intra‐sinus dosing were best described by a two‐compartment open model. The distribution and elimination half‐lives were 0.84 and 17.7 h respectively. The apparent volume of distribution at a steady state and the total body clearance were estimated to be 2061 mL kg^?1 and 90.1 mL kg^?1 h^?1 respectively. The bioavailability of OA after an oral administration was 7.9%. The peak haemolymph concentration, the time to peak haemolymph concentration and the elimination half‐life after oral administration were 4.20 μg mL^?1, 4 h and 19.8 h respectively. Oxolinic acid muscle and shell levels increased to a maximum (muscle 1.76 μg g^?1 and shell 8.17 μg g^?1) at 4 h post administration and then decreased with the elimination half‐life value of 20.2 and 21.9 h respectively. Residual OA in muscle and shell was reduced by 20–30% by each cooking procedure examined.