Dioclea grandiflora andDioclea sclerocarpa seeds. A nutritional study

A nutritional study ofDioclea grandiflora (Mucuna) andDioclea sclerocarpa, two legume seeds related toCanavalia which grow extensively in South America and are used as a human food source, has been carried out. Whilst both seeds, when fed to rats at a level equivalent to 100g seed protein kg^–1 diet gave poor nutritional performance, the anti-nutritional factors involved were apparently different. WithDioclea grandiflora, the presence in the seed of a soluble small molecular weight component, which caused food intake to be reduced to levels well below that required to meet minimum protein, energy, vitamin and mineral requirements, led to poor growth. This factor could be reduced substantially by exhaustive dialysis or by aqueous ethanol extraction of the meal. These procedures may have potential practical applications. In addition, the constitutent lectin, which was partially resistant in vitro and in vivo to degradation by gastrointestinal enzymes, also contributed to growth depression. WithDioclea sclerocarpa, a non-haemagglutinating pH 7 soluble factor was primarily responsible for the poor performance of rats. This factor could not be removed by exhaustive dialysis. The apparently poor protein digestibility observed may be due to increased secretion of endogenous nitrogen.     

THE PATH OF CARBON IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS. XXXI. THE ROLE OF LECTINS

Radish (Raphanus sativus) and Swiss Chard (Beta vulgaris) seedlings, grown hydroponically, exhibited significantly greater increases in height and weight in medium containing α-mannoside supplemented with calcium and manganese salts, than in control treatments lacking one or more of those components. Furthermore, seeds sown on medium containing α-mannoside plus Ca²⁺and Mn²⁺showed accelerated germination. Calcium and manganese are necessary to maintain the protein conformation of mannose-binding lectins. In the presence of those cations, glycosides displace specific sugars bound to lectins, making them available to support plant growth.     

裙带菜凝集素对日本对虾非特异性免疫因子的影响

为了研究裙带菜凝集素对日本对虾非特异性免疫因子的影响,给日本对虾Penaeus japonicus注射了2.3 mg/尾裙带菜凝集素,并于注射后第24、48、72、96、120 h抽血取样,测定对虾体内8种非特异性免疫指标。结果表明：试验组日本对虾血清中的凝集活性、酚氧化酶活性、超氧化物歧化酶活性、碱性磷酸酶活性、溶菌酶活性在24-120 h时均高于对照组。其中凝集活性、酚氧化酶活性在24 h时最大,分别是对照组的8倍、64倍;超氧化物歧化酶活性在48 h时最大,是对照组的2.6倍;碱性磷酸酶活性、溶菌酶活性在72 h时最大,分别是对照组的2.6倍、4.2倍;抗菌活性在24、72-120 h时均高于对照组,并且在24 h时最大,是对照组的1.3倍;吞噬率和吞噬指数在24-72 h、120 h时均高于对照组,并且在72 h时最大,分别是对照组的1.2倍、1.4倍。研究表明,注射裙带菜凝集素后可以明显提高日本对虾的非特异性免疫力。     

新城疫病毒受体在不同动物细胞上的分布比较

细胞表面的SAα2,3Gal和SAα2,6Gal2种糖链可以作为新城疫病毒(NDV)入侵靶细胞的受体,但这2种糖链在不同动物细胞上的分布和相对丰度存在差异,为明确不同动物细胞上NDV受体的分布和相对含量,分别对鸡胚成纤维细胞、鹅胚成纤维细胞、鸭胚成纤维细胞以及Vero细胞,使用糖链检测试剂盒进行凝集素细胞原位免疫组织化学检测,FITC/PI双染色后激光共聚焦显微镜观察比较不同禽类细胞上受体分布。结果表明鸡胚成纤维细胞和Vero细胞表面同时分布有SAα2,3Gal和SAα2,6Gal2种受体,而鹅胚成纤维细胞、鸭胚成纤维细胞表面则只分布有SAα2,3Gal受体,缺乏SAα2,6Gal受体,提示NDV受体在不同禽类细胞表面的分布存在种属差异性。     

Hatching envelope formation in the egg of the black tiger shrimp,Penaeus monodon (Decapoda,Penaeidae)

The aim of this study was to reveal the process of hatching envelope (HE) formation in eggs of the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon, using fluorocytochemistry with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)‐labelled lectins and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with mouse monoclonal anti‐FITC‐conjugated gold‐lectin labelling. Following lectin binding screening tests, Concanavalin A (Con A) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) were chosen to trace movements of specific sugar‐associated components of the HE. This revealed that both Con A and WGA‐binding components migrated from the ooplasm to the HE. Using TEM, it was revealed that membranous materials in the ooplasm were released at the time of spawning, that these became associated with granular structures outside the oocyte and that they together developed into an outer layer of the HE. Contents of flocculent vesicles and dense vesicles in the ooplasm were exocytosed and formed the inner layer of the HE. The TEM with gold‐labelled Con A and WGA revealed that the dense and flocculent vesicles and the inner layer of the HE contained components associated with mannose (sugar affinity to Con A) and N‐acetyl‐β‐d ‐glucosamine (sugar affinity to WGA).     

苦豆子凝集素基因植物表达载体的构建及其对烟草的转化

[目的]了解苦豆子凝集素基因(SAL)的功能,将该基因构建到植物表达载体并转化烟草,获得转基因植株.[方法]利用RT-PCR技术,提取苦豆子总RNA进行反转录得到cDNA,通过PCR扩增得到苦豆子凝集素基因SAL,并将其克隆到植物表达载体pCAMBIA1301上,产生重组质粒pCAMBIA1301-SAL.采用农杆菌介导法将重组质粒转化烟草,并进行分析鉴定.[结果]构建了植物表达载体pCAMBIA1301-SAL,转化烟草后经筛选获得76株转基因植株,经抗性筛选及PCR和RT-PCR鉴定,其中27株显示为阳性植株.[结论]苦豆子凝集素基因已经在烟草中成功表达,为进一步研究验证转基因烟草的抗病效果奠定了基础.     

家蝇血淋巴凝集素诱导动力学的研究

用生物的、生理的诱导因子,均能诱导家蝇的血淋巴提高凝血活力,实验确定了各诱导因子的最佳诱导剂量,同时,各诱导因子的诱导效果存在差异;在这些诱导因子中,以刺伤诱导的效果最好;Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉ Ｋ１２诱导时,是通过刺伤体壁感染家蝇的,但其诱导效果反而低于单纯的刺伤诱导。同时诱导方法对不同的虫态,结果也有所差异,低龄幼虫即使经地诱导,血淋巴中也不具有凝血活性,在末龄幼虫,蛹以及成虫这３种虫态中,蛹的血淋巴凝     

Characterization of glycoconjugates and sialic acid modification in the olfactory bulb of the Chinese fire-bellied newt (Cynops orientalis)

Diverse glycoconjugates are expressed in the vertebrate olfactory bulb and serve as guidance cues for axons of nasal receptor neurons. Although the involvement of glycoconjugates in the segregation of the olfactory pathway has been suggested, it is poorly understood in salamanders. In this study, lectin histochemistry was used to determine glycoconjugate distribution in the olfactory bulb of the Chinese fire-bellied newt (Cynops orientalis). Succinylated wheat germ agglutinin (sWGA), Ricinus communis agglutinin-I and Lens culinaris agglutinin showed different bindings in the nerve fibre layer or glomerular layer, or both, between the main and accessory olfactory bulbs. We then investigated the lectin-binding pattern after the removal of terminal sialic acids using neuraminidase. Desialylation resulted in a change in the binding reactivities with seven lectins. Wheat germ agglutinin, sWGA, soybean agglutinin (SBA) and peanut agglutinin showed different degrees of binding between the main and accessory olfactory bulbs. In addition, SBA showed a heterogeneous labelling of glomeruli in the rostral region of the main olfactory bulb. Our results suggest that terminal sialic acids mask the heterogeneity of glycoconjugates in the olfactory bulb of C. orientalis.     

菜豆种质资源的植物凝集素含量测定及含量变化分析

摘要：为了研究菜豆种质中植物凝集素含量的遗传多样性及含量变化，本研究以317份菜豆品种为试验材料，利用改进的血凝法测定鲜荚中的植物凝集素含量。同时，对不同发育时期‘紫冠’和‘白珍珠’的豆荚、荚壁和种子中的植物凝集素含量进行测定分析。结果表明：菜豆种质中植物凝集素含量变幅为0.004~1.783 mg/g，变异系数为0.493，品种频率分布曲线总体显现连续性，主峰明显，呈近似正态分布。菜豆品种群体间的凝集素水平差异极显著，表现出明显的种质特异性和遗传多样性。‘紫冠’和‘白珍珠’豆荚在花后4~6天中检测到少量凝集素，表明豆荚凝集素是在花后4天开始积累。‘紫冠’与‘白珍珠’的植物凝集素含量随着豆荚生长发育都呈现出相同趋势，先上升后下降，再上升后下降，出现‘双峰’现象。     

几种植物抗虫基因研究进展

概述了目前应用于植物抗虫基因工程的苏云金杆菌毒蛋白基因、蛋白酶抑制剂基因和植物凝集素等三类主要基因的分类、杀虫机理及应用现状;探讨了植物抗虫基因工程中存在的问题和解决方案;