Longitudinal study of veterinary students and veterinarians: family and gender issues after 20 years

OBJECTIVE: To examine and compare some family issues and work experiences of males and females who graduated as veterinarians 15 years ago. PROCEDURE: Questionnaires were completed by 134 of 137 veterinarians who graduated 15 years ago, and who had been surveyed in their first and final years as students, and 1, 5, 10 and 15 years after they graduated. Comparisons were made with official statistics, information from earlier surveys in this longitudinal study, and data from a previously published national study. RESULTS: By 15 years after they graduated, 82% had been married or in a comparable long-term relationship, and 23% of these were to another veterinarian. Thirteen percent of those who had been married were now separated or divorced, and 50% of them had remarried, a similar proportion to official statistics for Australians of comparable age. Approximately 20% of both males and females were doing no veterinary work, but more males (68%) than females (37%) were doing veterinary work full time. Most who were doing veterinary work were in private practice, and of these, small animals represented 76% of the work of the males and 88% of the work of the females. Females in private practice were more likely to be employees, especially if working part time, but those working full time were just as likely as males to be practice owners. In general males earned more than females. CONCLUSION: By 15 years after graduation, the percentages of males and females doing some veterinary work are similar, although males are more likely than females to be working full time. Females and males in full time private practice are equally likely to be practice owners, but female owners and female employees earn less than comparable males. Males and females have similar attitudes to having done the veterinary course.     

Longitudinal study of career plans and directions of veterinary students and recent graduates during the first five years after graduation

Objectives To determine the patterns of work undertaken by veterinarians during the first 5 years after graduation, and to study the background to career decisions. Design Longitudinal study. Population Veterinarians (119) who started the veterinary course at The University of Queensland in 1985 and 1986, and who responded to a mailed questionnaire 5 years after they graduated. Procedure Questionnaires were completed in the first and fifth year of the veterinary course, and in the second and after the fifth year after graduation. The data were coded numerically and analysed using the SAS System for Windows. Results Most respondents (61%) planned to work in mixed practice and 61% entered mixed practice initially, but only 39% of these (26% of the total) remained in mixed practice after 5 years. Those who had grown up on a farm which derived primary income from animals were more likely to enter mixed practice, but half of this group had left mixed practice after 5 years. Most decisions to change career direction involved a move away from negative factors including inadequate private time and/or rewards, issues involving other people including the practice principal and sometimes clients, or aspects of the work itself. However, some cited positive reasons, including opportunities to learn, to help others or to travel. There were no significant differences between males and females in the numbers entering mixed practice or leaving it, or entering small animal practice, or in attitudes to many issues involving veterinarians. However, more females than males found their remuneration too small, and females did receive significantly smaller incomes than males. Conclusions Most graduating veterinarians, especially those from farms with animals, seek to enter mixed practice initially. Negative experiences are mainly responsible for moves to small animal practice. Gender does not affect the distribution of young veterinarians between mixed and small animal practice.     

马克思主义男女平等观对新中国妇女解放的影响

马克思主义既是人类普遍解放的指针,又是妇女解放的理论基础。她的形成使男女平等成为人类追求的目标之一。中国共产党人始终坚持马克思主义男女平等观,努力实现妇女解放。新中国成立后,广大妇女在"时代不同了,男女都一样"的旗帜下,在社会主义建设事业中撑起了"半边天"。     

性别视角下的布依族纺织文化与社区发展:惠水案例研究

布依族纺织文化是因传统的性别劳动分工形成的特色文化,其规范和制约着布依族男女的日常生活,进而影响和制约着布依族社区社会、经济、文化的发展.分析了布依族纺织文化及其衍生出的社会性别关系对社区发展的作用,并对继承和保护布依族纺织文化及发展提出了建议.     

女性馆员的性別意识与读者服务

讨论了女性馆员因其自身特点在图书馆读者服务岗位上的优势以及所起的重要作用;女性馆员在图书馆中的低层次化;图书馆读者服务工作女性化存在的问题及改善措施。     

博弈——论翻译中的性别话语权力

随着翻译的文化转向和女性主义在西方的兴起,女性主义译者开始在性别视角下重新审视语言,主张通过翻译使女性的声音在父权社会下被世人听见和重视,并且在实践中通过具体的翻译策略来干涉文本,以彰显女性的话语权力。本文对翻译和话语权力的结合过程作了背景综述,并以具体的译本为例,试图展示出一幅伴随于其中的性别话语权力博弈的生动场景。     

不同性别马粪海胆壳形态性状对体质量的影响效果分析

选取大连塔河湾海域马粪海胆260枚,鉴定性别后测量了壳高(L2)、壳径(L1)和体质量(m)等经济性状,采用相关分析和通径分析方法,定量地分析了不同性别马粪海胆壳形态性状与体质量的相关关系。结果表明,塔河湾海域马粪海胆雌雄比例为1∶1,在壳性状、体质量等经济性状和高径比等生物学性状上雌雄差异不显著(P0.05)。雌雄海胆经济性状间的相关系数均较高,其中壳径与体质量的相关系数均为最大(雌雄分别为0.960和0.956)。通径分析表明,雌雄马粪海胆壳径对体质量的直接影响(雌雄分别为0.723和0.645)均大于壳高(雌雄分别为0.280和0.362),雌雄马粪海胆壳形态性状对体质量有较为一致的影响效果。雄性马粪海胆体质量预测模型为m=1.78L1+1.32L2-75.78(r2=0.948),雌性马粪海胆体质量预测模型为m=2.17L1+1.13L2-89.05(r2=0.944),不分性别马粪海胆体质量预测模型为m=1.96L1+1.22L2-81.72(r2=0.944)。     

Peacebuilding,gender and policing in Solomon Islands

UN Security Council Resolution 1325 calls for a gender perspective to be integrated into the resolution of conflicts. This responsibility manifests itself in a number of more specific proposals, some easily assessable, others less so. In this paper, we begin by considering the success of the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI) – the poster child for peacebuilding efforts – at meeting these specific proposals. In light of this, we then go on to suggest ways in which RAMSI might meet greater success in fully integrating gender considerations in Solomon Islands by blending sensitivity to gender‐based considerations together with a deeper sensitivity to cultural considerations, including cultural understandings of core notions such as ‘policing’ and ‘justice’.     

性别对秦川牛肉品质的影响

性别是影响生长发育和肉品品质的一个重要的因素。本研究选取发育正常、健康无病、年龄在3岁左右的秦川牛公牛3头、母牛3头、阉牛3头共9头牛进行屠宰试验,并在同一部位（背最长肌处）进行取样测定水分、粗灰分、粗脂肪、粗蛋白、肉色、蒸煮损失、失水率、嫩度和系水力9项指标。结果如下：秦川牛的性别对背最长肌处的水分,粗灰分和肉色的影响不显著（p﹥0.05）,而其余指标在不同性别之间则有显著或极显著的差异(P<0.05或P<0.01) 。其中母牛嫩度（2.15N）优于阉牛(3.41N),公牛最差(4.47N);母牛蒸煮损失（29.5％）大于公牛（28.08％）,阉牛最低（26.13％）;阉牛系水力大于母牛,公牛最差,失水率结果与之相反;公牛粗蛋白含量（25.86％）高于阉牛（23.02％）,母牛最低（21.90％）;粗脂肪含量结果与之相反。综合几个指标可以得出：秦川牛阉牛肉质优于母牛,公牛最差。