Comparison of the Labour Requirement Involved in the Housing of Dairy Cows in Different Housing Systems

Dairy cows are in Denmark either kept in tie-stalls or in loose housing systems. The labour requirement connected to the two systems is very important for dairy farmers who want to adopt a new housing system. The aim of the present investigation was to estimate the labour requirement for the various tasks involved in milk production in different housing systems. The estimation was done by use of models, which were based on detailed work studies carried out among 13 practical stockbreeders. The efficiency of the different housing systems depended on the size of herd. For herd sizes over 100 cows, the total labour requirement was between 27 and 31% lower in loose housing systems than in tie-stall housing systems. However, when the herd sizes were reduced to fewer than 70 dairy cows, the savings obtained on the tasks feeding and cleaning in loose housing systems were counterbalanced by a higher labour requirement on milking.     

社会性别视角下的农村家庭养老研究

以家庭养老为主的农村,女性参与养老所发挥的作用与其非主体身份极为不对称,本文从社会性别视角探讨隐含的影响因素及运作机制,认为社会性别规范通过经济、制度和文化等3个层面对女性以主体身份平等参与养老发挥影响,且影响是连续的,其最终的解决不单靠政府的力量,还应从根本上重视社会性别作为一种文化模式的影响。     

农业科技推广中的社会性别敏感分析及应对策略：基于NGO组织在陕西眉县槐西村的调查

对我国传统的农业科技推广方式进行探讨后发现,在农业女性化趋势下,农业科技成果推广效率缺失的关键是存在社会性别盲点.在科技推广中关注农村社区的社会性别敏感进而强调农村妇女参与应成为研究的重要方面.基于对陕西省眉县项目村的实地调查,微观地分析了农村社区的社会性别现状和问题,提出了社会性别敏感的外部干预对策,以期对现有农业科技推广模式的改进有所帮助.     

社会性别视角下的退耕还林工程

介绍了社会性别与林业的国内外研究现状, 利用摩塞的三重角色理论分析了退耕还林对社会性别分工的影响, 提出了退耕还林中存在的相关问题及建议。     

英语中的女性语言分析

性别差异是语言学的一个基本特征。语言中的性别差异,是语言使用者出于社会、文化、习俗等方面的考虑所表现出来的一种语言现象。语言和性别相互影响、相互作用,性别差异的客观存在决定了语言对性别差异的反映。通过语言这面镜子,透视一下英语在语音、词汇、句法等层面所表现出来的女性语言特征,并深入分析其产生的根源。并且从女性角度,探索了消除语言上性别差异的策略和途径。     

配子水平上动物性别控制的研究进展

动物性别控制是指通过人为干预获得所需性别后代的技术,是生命科学的重要研究课题之一。文章介绍了动物性别控制的机理以及实际生产意义,并从配子水平上阐述动物性别控制的研究方法,以及对今后研究的方向进行展望,为动物性别控制进一步应用于实际生产提供现实依据。     

农村妇女在PAAF项目中的参与和作用

本文对第一、二期中德技术合作项目实施过程中农村妇女的参与及其作用进行了分析.PAAF项目的实施对当地农村社会性别分工,农民的传统观念以及农村妇女在家庭及社会地位产生了深刻的影响.项目通过参与式方法及参与式农村评估的运用,激发和调动了男、女村民参与项目的积极性,增强了妇女参与决策的意识.通过对农村男、女村民的培训,提高了农村妇女的能力和地位,使当地农村妇女为项目的顺利实施做出了贡献.     

Ethnography and agroforestry research: a case study from the Gambia

This work examines the contribution that an ethnographic methodology can make to gender-sensitive agroforestry research. Using a Gambian case study, diverse subsistence, commercial and socio-cultural roles of forest products are investigated and the gender-based similarities and differences in their uses are highlighted. An ethnographic approach is combined with political economy perspectives to illustrate how the significance of such products, particularly for women, has markedly increased during the past two decades, especially for commercial purposes, in response to changing environmental, economic and social circumstances. Environmental management practices are used by rural individuals to regulate forest resources. Although there is potential for formal management policy to build upon these indigenous practices, a detailed understanding of local human-environmental relationships is essential for any planning mechanism to succeed. Thus an enthnographic approach can make a positive contribution towards gender-sensitive agroforestry research and practice.     

Household tree holdings: A case study in Mutoko communal area, Zimbabwe

Tree holdings at homesteads and in homefields were investigated for two villages in Zimbabwe. Of the households, 90% owned at least one exotic tree. Trees were concentrated at homesteads and conserved indigenous trees tended to be edible fruit trees. Female heads of households (divorcees and widows) had fewer trees than households headed by men. Households with longer period of residence at a site had increased the proportion of indigenous fruit trees compared to non-fruit trees. Wealth status showed no relationship to tree holdings. The considerable tree planting and tree conservation activity around homesteads and in homefields has the effect of replacing non-fruit indigenous trees with exotic and indigenous fruit trees. Agroforestry research, extension and development should focus more on current practices, concentrate more on trees that farmers favour (such as fruit trees) and take into account differences among households. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Politics and Gender: Negotiating Conceptions of the Ideal Woman in Present Day Cambodia

This paper briefly describes a Khmer politician’s references to four women made during a 1993 campaign speech. It then reviews notions of the ideal woman from Khmer literature, and from life stories and ethnographic accounts. The politician manipulated gender symbolism, playing on multiple ambiguous notions of femaleness to prove his own powerful status and to comment on the current state of the Khmer social and moral order. In the face of the drastic changes of the last twenty years, he linked his own power and that of other men to their control over women’s sexuality. While he was willing to allow for, indeed participate in playing on, the ambiguity inherent in gender conceptions to create new ideal types of strong women, he simultaneously used appeals to tradition to maintain male authority over women.