紫玉米花青苷的研究进展

紫玉米花青苷作为天然食用色素不仅安全无毒,而且具有一定的生物活性。敬璞就在美国对花青苷的多年研究积累,并结合国外其他学者的研究工作,对紫玉米花青苷进行了综述,主要包括:紫玉米花青苷含量和分子结构;紫玉米花青苷的生物活性、构效关系、结构修饰、加工方法对其活性的影响;紫玉米花青苷的提取及综合利用;同时,提出该研究方向的发展趋势,以供参考。     

苹果属观赏海棠McCHS基因的克隆及实时定量表达

以苹果属观赏海棠‘王族’品种叶片提取的总RNA为模板,通过RT-PCR与RACE扩增,获得一个1529bp的查尔酮合成酶(Chalcone sythase,CHS)基因的cDNA序列,其基因编码区共1167bp,编码389个氨基酸,命名为McCHS。使用实时荧光定量PCR和紫外可见光分光光度计,对3类不同叶色的观赏海棠品种‘火焰’(Malus‘Flame’,叶片绿色)、‘绚丽’(Malus ‘Radiant’,新叶红色)、‘高原之火’(Malus ‘Prairifire’,新叶红色)和王族(Malus ‘Royalty’,叶片紫色)幼叶和功能叶中的McCHS表达及其花色苷含量进行测定分析,结果表明:McCHS在4个品种的幼叶和功能叶中均有表达,其幼叶表达量的变化与叶片中花色苷含量的变化一致;除‘绚丽’外的功能叶表达量变化和花色苷含量变化也一致,‘绚丽’功能叶的特殊情况可能涉及花色苷合成途径中的其他酶和转录因子。     

柠檬酸-磷酸氢二钠缓冲液法提取紫甘薯花青素的工艺研究

【目的】探索一种更好的紫甘薯花青素提取方法,为提高青花素的开发利用奠定基础。【方法】采用柠檬酸－磷酸氢二钠缓冲液法提取4个不同品种（系）紫甘薯（万紫56、宁紫甘薯1号、1024．20、0929．115）的花青素,并通过采用单因素试验及正交试验,从材料状态（鲜样／干样）、提取温度、提取次数等3个影响因素对其提取工艺进行优化。【结果】各因素对紫甘薯花青素提取量的响应主次顺序为：提取温度〉材料状态〉提取次数;综合考虑提取效率及生产成本,柠檬酸－磷酸氢二钠缓冲液法提取紫甘薯花青素的最佳工艺条件：以鲜样为提取材料,提取温度控制在60％,提取1次,在最佳工艺条件下,花青素提取量为25．72mg／100g.【结论】以柠檬酸－磷酸氢二钠缓冲液法提取紫甘薯花青素具有经济、高效、方便、快捷等特点,值得推广应用。     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

Thermal degradation kinetics of bioactive compounds from black rice flour (Oryza sativa L.) extracts

The effect of thermal processing on the degradation of the phytochemicals in black rice flour by means of fluorescence spectroscopy and degradation kinetics was investigated. In order to investigate the influence of food matrices, a comparative analysis between integral rice flour and different fractions was performed. The preliminary compositional results suggested a higher content in phytochemicals in fraction four of the seven fractions of black rice flour, which was sifting through a sieve with a diameter of 180 μm. The compositional complexity was highlighted by fluorescence spectroscopy. The heat-treatment caused structural changes that led to red- or blue-shifts in maximum emission. The first-order kinetic model was used to describe the mechanism of degradation. The activation energies were 10.07 ± 1.04 kJ/mol for total polyphenolic, 7.26 ± 0.58 kJ/mol for total monomeric anthocyanins and 6.71 ± 1.12 kJ/mol for antioxidant activity in case of integral flour extract. For fraction four extract obtained by, the E_a values were: 3.51 ± 0.53 kJ/mol, 11.49 ± 1.47 kJ/mol, 15.80 ± 1.50 kJ/mol and 19.91 ± 3.27 kJ/mol, respectively. The calculated values of the activation energy revealed higher temperature dependence of total polyphenols in integral flour and of antioxidant activity in fraction four, respectively.     

圆果黄麻花青素的遗传研究

圆果黄麻含花青素细胞主要分布在皮层组织最外一层细胞中。含花青素细胞的相对数量和颜色深浅决定着植株外部色素的强度与分布。遗传上不带有色素原基因C的全绿色品种,任何时候任何部位都不存在花青素细胞。六个品种(永安黄麻、闽侯白皮、红铁骨、平和竹蒿麻、古农红皮和快早红)的五个杂交组合试验表明,回果黄麻古农红皮褐红色的色素表型由复等位基因A~B所决定,其作用强度位于A~D与A~L之间,即A~D—A~B—A~L—A—a。古农红皮、红铁骨和闽侯白皮的基因型分别为CCA~BA~Brr、CCAArr和CCaarr。圆果黄麻花青素的遗传除了受C、A、R三对主效基因控制外,还涉及到修饰因子。     

Phosphorus Efficiency in Sunflower Cultivars and Its Relationships with Phosphorus,Calcium, Iron,Zinc and Manganese Nutrition

ABSTRACT

Phosphorus (P) efficiency (shoot dry weight at low P/shoot dry weight at high P) of a cultivar is the ability to produce a high yield in a soil that is limited in that element for a standard genotype. The large variation in P efficiency of different crops provides opportunities for screening crop species that perform well on low phosphorus soil. To explain the differences in P efficiency of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivars a glasshouse pot experiment was conducted by using P-deficient soil [0.5 M sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃)-extractable P 8.54 mg kg^?1] treated with 0 (low P) and 100 mg P kg^?1 soil (high P). The relationship between P efficiency and P, calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) nutrition and anthocyanin accumulation was investigated in ten sunflower cultivars. Phosphorus deficiency resulted in significant decreases in the shoot and root yield. Phosphorus-efficient cultivars have the ability to produce higher yield than the inefficient cultivars in a limited P conditions. Our results showed that P-efficient cultivars had lower P concentrations, but higher P content in low P conditions. Phosphorus-efficient cultivars also have lower Ca and Fe concentrations in low P conditions but not in P-sufficient conditions. Applied P resulted in significant decreases in Zn concentrations in the shoots of the cultivars. Anthocyanin concentrations showed an accumulating pattern in all cultivars under P deficiency. The results demonstrated that phosphorus efficiency of the sunflower cultivars depends on their ability to produce higher yield and take up more P, and lower the concentration of Ca and Fe in shoots under low P conditions.     

6个紫肉甘薯新品系比较试验初报

以金山57和Ayamurasiky为对照,通过比较试验,初步分析了福建省泉州农业科学研究所新近选育的6个紫肉甘薯品种(系)的鲜薯产量、薯块烘干率、食味品质和花青素含量等主要经济性状,并评述了其在生产或育种上的利用价值。这些品系的育成,丰富了紫肉甘薯育种材料;同时提出以紫肉甘薯品种或中间材料为亲本,进行计划集团杂交或放任授粉,扩大基因背景和杂种后代的选择群体,是选育紫肉甘薯品种的有效途径之一。     

一种富含花青素的固体饮料的工艺研究

以黑米、黑芝麻、黑豆、黑玉米、黑木耳、黑枣、麦芽糊精、木糖醇和乳粉为原料,针对中老年人群,开发出一款富含花青素的固体饮料。首先,将黑米、黑玉米、黑芝麻和黑豆进行预处理,以花青素保留率、淀粉糊化率、溶解度和膨胀度为指标,优化烘烤条件。结果表明,四者的烘烤条件分别为150℃,15 min;210℃,7 min;140℃,9 min;130℃,15 min。在此基础上,以感官品质为评价指标,通过单因素试验,初步探讨麦芽糊精添加量对产品黏稠度和稳定性的影响,以及木糖醇、乳粉、黑米、黑芝麻、黑豆和黑玉米添加量对产品的影响。在此基础上,选择黑米、黑芝麻、黑豆和黑玉米为主要因素,进行配方的L₉(3⁴)正交试验,各组分添加量为黑芝麻23.33%,黑豆11.67%,黑玉米16.67%,黑米11.67%,黑木耳3.33%,黑枣3.33%,木糖醇13.33%,麦芽糊精10%,乳粉6.67%。     

红巧梅花色苷树脂静态纯化工艺研究

以红巧梅提取液为试验对象,通过考察树脂的静态吸附率和解吸率,从8种树脂中优选出DM-28为适合纯化红巧梅花色苷的树脂,并研究了DM-28纯化红巧梅花色苷的工艺参数。结果表明,DM-28静态纯化红巧梅花色苷的工艺参数为:在吸附温度为50℃,最适吸附p H 2.8,吸附时间6 h的条件下进行吸附,在40℃条件下以体积分数为90%p H 5.0乙醇溶液解吸效果最好。纯化后红巧梅花色苷色价为纯化前的4.84倍。