Interactions between residue placement and earthworm ecological strategy affect aggregate turnover and N2O dynamics in agricultural soil

Previous laboratory studies using epigeic and anecic earthworms have shown that earthworm activity can considerably increase nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from crop residues in soils. However, the universality of this effect across earthworm functional groups and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The aims of this study were (i) to determine whether earthworms with an endogeic strategy also affect N₂O emissions; (ii) to quantify possible interactions with epigeic earthworms; and (iii) to link these effects to earthworm-induced differences in selected soil properties. We initiated a 90-day ¹⁵N-tracer mesocosm study with the endogeic earthworm species Aporrectodea caliginosa (Savigny) and the epigeic species Lumbricus rubellus (Hoffmeister). ¹⁵N-labeled radish (Raphanus sativus cv. Adagio L.) residue was placed on top or incorporated into the loamy (Fluvaquent) soil. When residue was incorporated, only A. caliginosa significantly (p < 0.01) increased cumulative N₂O emissions from 1350 to 2223 μg N₂O-N kg⁻¹ soil, with a corresponding increase in the turnover rate of macroaggregates. When residue was applied on top, L. rubellus significantly (p < 0.001) increased emissions from 524 to 929 μg N₂O-N kg⁻¹, and a significant (p < 0.05) interaction between the two earthworm species increased emissions to 1397 μg N₂O-N kg⁻¹. These effects coincided with an 84% increase in incorporation of residue ¹⁵N into the microaggregate fraction by A. caliginosa (p = 0.003) and an 85% increase in incorporation into the macroaggregate fraction by L. rubellus (p = 0.018). Cumulative CO₂ fluxes were only significantly increased by earthworm activity (from 473.9 to 593.6 mg CO₂-C kg⁻¹ soil; p = 0.037) in the presence of L. rubellus when residue was applied on top. We conclude that earthworm-induced N₂O emissions reflect earthworm feeding strategies: epigeic earthworms can increase N₂O emissions when residue is applied on top; endogeic earthworms when residue is incorporated into the soil by humans (tillage) or by other earthworm species. The effects of residue placement and earthworm addition are accompanied by changes in aggregate and SOM turnover, possibly controlling carbon, nitrogen and oxygen availability and therefore denitrification. Our results contribute to understanding the important but intricate relations between (functional) soil biodiversity and the soil greenhouse gas balance. Further research should focus on elucidating the links between the observed changes in soil aggregation and controls on denitrification, including the microbial community.     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定黄瓜及番茄中异菌脲残留

采用分散固相萃取(QuEChERS)为样品前处理方法,建立了超高效液相色谱-串联四极杆质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)快速同时检测黄瓜及番茄中异菌脲的残留分析方法。样品经乙腈提取,C18分散固相(dSPE)净化后,应用超高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联四级杆质谱仪,多反应监测模式(MRM)检测,外标法定量,结果显示,异菌脲在黄瓜和番茄基质中的线性关系良好,在0.02~1mg/L添加水平范围内,异菌脲在黄瓜和番茄中的平均回收率分别为82.7%~91.9%和89.8%~90.5%,相对标准偏差分别为4.7%~7.7%和4.8%~7.2%,最低检出浓度(LOQ)均为0.02mg/kg。     

香蕉和土壤中吡唑醚菌酯的残留分析

建立吡唑醚菌酯在香蕉全蕉、蕉肉及土壤中的残留分析方法,测定吡唑醚菌酯在云南、海南两地香蕉及土壤中的残留动态及最终残留。结果表明：在0.01~0.1 mg/kg添加范围内,吡唑醚菌酯在香蕉果、肉、土中的平均回收率为82％~104％,变异系数为1.3％~3.6％;方法最小检出量为1×10-10 g,最低检出浓度为0.01 mg/kg。吡唑醚菌酯在云南和海南两地香蕉中的半衰期分别为17.2、16.7 d,在土壤中的半衰期分别为19.9、17.9 d。施药后35、42、49 d收获的香蕉中吡唑醚菌酯残留量均低于0.02 mg/kg。该方法准确度高,灵敏度高,线性良好。     

过氧化氢法制备二氧化氯反应残液的综合利用研究

[目的]研究过氧化氢法制备二氧化氯反应残液的综合利用,为工艺的进一步优化和产业化推广提供理论依据。[方法]将反应残液进行浓缩结晶,回用酸溶液,获副产品NaHSO4.H2O,考察浓缩蒸发量、结晶温度等对残液浓缩结晶的影响及残液循环对二氧化氯制备主要技术参数的影响。[结果]反应残液循环利用最佳浓缩蒸发量为55%～60%,最佳结晶温度为40～44℃,残液结晶循环综合利用对二氧化氯产品纯度和原料转化率无不利影响。[结论]该方法实现了废液的零排放和酸使用量的最小化,产生较好的经济效益和环境效益。     

毒死蜱在苹果和土壤中的残留动态及安全性评价

通过田间试验和室内检测,研究了毒死蜱在苹果及土壤中的残留动态及最终残留量。结果表明:毒死蜱在苹果中的半衰期为6.9～8.0 d,药后21 d消解87%以上。毒死蜱在土壤中的半衰期为4.8～6.2 d,药后14 d消解87%以上。毒死蜱40%微乳剂以267、400.5 mg a.i./kg,施药3、4次,末次施药后14 d收获的苹果中毒死蜱残留量均低于1 mg/kg。推荐该药在苹果上的安全间隔期为14 d。     

气相色谱法检测蔬菜中百菌清·联苯菊酯·氟氯氰菊酯残留量

[目的]建立检测蔬菜中百菌清、联苯菊酯以及氟氯氰菊酯残留量的毛细管气相色谱法。[方法]蔬菜经乙腈匀浆提取后,经弗罗里矽柱净化、全自动浓缩仪浓缩后,采用HP-1毛细管色谱柱分离,GC-μECD分析。[结果]方法的平均回收率为81.5%~110.1%,变异系数为2.3%~6.1%,检出限为0.000 14~0.002 60 mg/kg,符合残留分析要求。[结论]建立的毛细管气相色谱法简便、快速、灵敏、准确,完全符合蔬菜中百菌清和拟除虫菊酯类农药的检测要求。     

50％乙草胺水乳剂在油菜田的残留动态研究

采用气相色谱法测定了乙草胺在油菜植株、籽、籽壳及土壤中的消解动态和最终残留。油菜植株、籽、籽壳样品用二氯甲烷提取,土壤用甲醇提取,经弗罗里硅土净化,GC．ECD检测,外标法定量。结果表明：乙草胺的添加量在0．005～1．0mg／kg水平下,乙草胺在土壤、油菜植株、籽、籽壳中的平均回收率分别为85-3％～96．5％、86．9％～90．3％、83．3％～89．7％、87．9％～90．4％,相对标准偏差分别为3．9％～5．0％、3．9％一9．5％、6．6％～14．3％、6．4％～11．1％,乙草胺的最小检出量（LOD）为5×10-7g,油菜植株、籽及籽壳中的最低检测浓度（LOQ）为O．01mg／kg,土壤中的LOQ为0．005mg／kg。乙草胺在福建莆田和湖南长沙土壤中的半衰期分别为3．5、5．2天,在油菜植株中的半衰期分别为1．7、2.3天,油菜收获时（距施药60天）,油菜田土壤、植株和油菜籽及壳中均未检测出乙草胺残留。     

糙米中丁硫克百威及其代谢物的残留测定

[目的]监测与评价糙米中丁硫克百威及其代谢物克百威、3-羟基克百威的残留量。[方法]建立凝胶渗透色谱（GPC）净化、气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）同时测定糙米中丁硫克百威及其代谢物克百威、3-羟基克百威残留的方法。样品中的待测农药组分采用环己烷-乙酸乙酯（1∶1,V/V）提取,GPC和中性氧化铝（A l2O3）小柱净化,GC-MS测定。[结果]丁硫克百威和克百威的最低检测量均为2.0×10-11g,3-羟基克百威为1.0×10-10g;最低检出质量分数均为0.1 mg/kg,各组分的添加回收率为77.8%～94.6%,变异系数为3.86%～6.58%。[结论]凝胶渗透色谱净化-气相色谱质谱法测定丁硫克百威及其代谢物在糙米中的残留方法灵敏度、准确度、精密度均符合农药残留分析的要求,可用于检测糙米中丁硫克百威及其代谢物的残留量。     

味精的毒副作用研究概况

在广泛文献检索基础上,对味精的定义、分类和工艺过程、药理及毒副作用进行了探究,为饮食健康提供科学参考。     

国内外胡椒质量及安全评价的对比分析

分析研究了国内外胡椒产品质量标准及农药残留限量标准,发现国内在品质标准和残留农药种类数量上与主要消费国有很大的差距,并提出了加快我国胡椒相关深加工产品和农药限量标准修订的建议。