驴乳与其他乳营养物质组分差异分析及其开发展望

为比较驴乳与马乳、人乳、牛乳及羊乳营养物质组分差异,并了解驴乳目前的开发现状,本研究整理了相关文献并进行总结分析。结果表明:1)驴乳与人乳最接近。相对于牛乳和羊乳,驴乳具有高乳糖、低乳蛋白、低乳脂、钙磷比平衡、V_C和V_D丰富的特点。溶菌酶含量高是驴乳最大的特点。驴乳中乳清蛋白比例高,且富含对人体有益的n3-PUFA与n6-PUFA。驴乳与马乳较为相近,最大差异在于驴乳蛋白质含量更低,更接近于人乳。而与人乳相比,驴乳最大的不同则在于其更低的乳脂含量。2)驴乳具有抗菌、抗炎、抗氧化、抗肿瘤、防治心血管疾病等生物活性,同时具备良好的加工特性,在各国各民族历史中广泛使用,在民间医用盛行,具有广阔的应用价值和市场潜力。然而,驴乳开发在技术、规模、市场上仍有许多不足,有广泛的发展空间。实现产业规模化,扩大饲养量,提高泌乳量以及尽早地建立健全行业标准是实现驴乳市场潜力需要考虑和解决的问题。综上,驴乳具有很高的营养价值且生物活性丰富,其市场潜力巨大然而发展相对滞后,其研究、开发与推广有待加强。     

保存温度及时间对卵母细胞体外成熟及发育的影响

将屠宰场采集的驴卵巢随机分别置于4℃,20～25℃,25～30℃三种不同温度的生理盐水中运回实验室进行体外培养.由于三个屠宰场距离不同,选取最优的保存温度分别在1～2 h、3～4 h、6～8 h运回实验室,比较不同保存温度和保存时间下卵母细胞成熟率、孤雌激活发育卵裂率.结果表明:在不同保存温度的卵巢中,温度为25～30℃时卵母细胞成熟率(48.91％)与20～25℃(42.31％)、4℃(38.75％)无显著差异(P＞0.05),卵裂率25～30℃(44.44％)、20～25℃(38.64％)显著高于4℃(16.13％)(P＜0.05);保存时间1～2 h的成熟率(48.91％)和卵裂率(44.44％)与3～4 h(40.54％)、(36.67％)差异不显著,但保存时间在6～8 h成熟率(24.53％)和卵裂率(15.38％)显著低于1～2 h组和3～4 h组.由此推断,驴卵巢最佳保存温度为25～30℃、保存时间4h以内较有利于卵母细胞成熟发育.     

六个家驴品种mtDNA D—Loop部分序列的遗传多样性分析

对中国的6个家驴品种(关中驴、德州驴、庆阳驴、泌阳驴、广灵驴、晋南驴)利用PCR-SSCP技术分析了其mtDNA D-Loop部分序列的遗传多样性。87个个体共检测到19个单倍型,单倍型比例为21.8%。单倍型多样度以关中驴、晋南驴较高,分别为0.834和0.904;其次为泌阳驴和广灵驴,分别为0.629、0.529;德州驴和庆阳驴较低,分别为0.467、0.599。文章从分子水平上揭示了家驴的遗传多样性,为我国家驴品种资源的评价和利用提供了一些依据。     

Cardiopulmonary effects during anaesthesia induced and maintained with propofol in acepromazine pre‐medicated donkeys

ObjectiveTo evaluate the cardiopulmonary effects of anaesthesia induced and maintained with propofol in acepromazine pre-medicated donkeys.Study designProspective experimental study.AnimalsSix healthy male donkeys weighing 78–144 kg.MethodsDonkeys were pre-medicated with intravenous (IV) acepromazine (0.04 mg kg⁻¹). Ten minutes later, anaesthesia was induced with IV propofol (2 mg kg⁻¹) and anaesthesia maintained by continuous IV infusion of the propofol (0.2 mg kg⁻¹ minute⁻¹) for 30 minutes. Baseline measurements of physiological parameters, and arterial blood samples were taken before the acepromazine administration, then 5, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after the induction of anaesthesia. Changes from baseline were analysed by anova for repeated measures.ResultsWhen compared with baseline (standing) values, during anaesthesia heart rate increased throughout: significant at 5 (p = 0.001) and 15 (p = 0.015) minutes. Mean arterial blood pressure increased significantly only at 15 minutes (p < 0.001). Respiratory rate and arterial pH did not change significantly. PaO₂ was lower throughout anaethesia, but this only reached significance at 15 minutes (p = 0.041). PaCO₂ was statistically (but not clinically) significantly reduced at the times of 30 (p = 0.02), 45 (p = 0.01) and 60 (p = 0.04). Rectal temperature decreased significantly at all times of the study.Conclusions and clinical relevanceAdministration of propofol by the continuous infusion rate for the maintenance of anaesthesia resulted in stable cardiopulmonary effects and could prove to be clinically useful in donkeys.     

Optimization of recovery and maturation methods for cumulus-oocyte complexes in jennies

Embryo production in donkeys is inefficient compared with that in other livestock. Obtaining a sufficient number of MII oocytes is the first step to solving this problem. In this study, the number, morphology and maturation rates of cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) obtained from abattoir-derived ovaries or live jennies were compared. The diameter of follicles from abattoir-derived ovaries was measured and divided into group 1 (2–6 mm), group 2 (6–10 mm), group 3 (10–20 mm), group 4 (20–28 mm) and group 5 (>28 mm). The results showed that the number of follicles per ovary in group 2 (3.6 ± 0.28) and 3 (4.2 ± 0.90) was higher than that in the other groups (p < .05). The recovery rate in group 3 was higher than group 1 (48.8% vs. 26.8%, p = .00), but lower than group 5 (48.8% vs. 76.5%, p = .025). The percentage of grade A COCs in group 3 was higher than group 2 (59.3% vs. 39.5%, p = .00) and group 1 (59.3% vs. 26.7%, p = .00). Moreover, the percentage of grade A COCs in group 4 (55.0%, p = .710) and group 5 (46.2%, p = .351) was reduced compared with that in group 3. From the above results, the developing follicles (group ovum pick-up [OPU], 10–20 mm) and preovulation follicles (group OPU-Preov, >35 mm) were aspirated from live jennies using OPU. Although there was no difference in the recovery rates of COCs between group 3 and OPU (48.8% vs. 43.0%, p = .184), the percentage of grades A COCs in group OPU was higher than group 3 (72.5% vs. 59.3%, p = .036). There was no difference in the maturation rate between group 3 and OPU (60.3% vs. 69.3%, p = .171) after the COCs matured in vitro. The rates of recovery (72.2%) and maturation (92.3%) in group OPU-Preov were higher than those in other groups (p < .05). Moreover, the effects of maturation time and serum type on maturation rates were evaluated in groups B44 (44 h, FBS), B36 (36 h, FBS) and D44 (44 h, foetal donkey serum, FDS). These results indicated that the maturation rate in group B36 was lower than group B44 (13.1% vs. 47.0%, p = .00) and group D44 (13.1% vs. 53.3%, p = .00). In conclusion, the quality of donkey COCs from OPU was higher than that from abattoir-derived ovaries, the suitable time of donkey in vitro maturation (IVM) was 44 h, and FBS could be replaced with FDS in donkey IVM medium.     

A review of the general pharmacology of ketamine and its clinical use for injectable anaesthesia in horses

Ketamine is the most commonly used injectable anaesthetic in horses. Combinations of ketamine have been used to produce short durations of anaesthesia or as total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) for longer diagnostic or surgical procedures. In recent years, ketamine has been used for pain management due to its effectiveness in producing analgesia at subanaesthetic doses. This paper provides a review of the pharmacological effects of ketamine in general and its clinical use for injectable anaesthesia and pain management in horses.     

用碳纤维网修补兔、绵羊和驴腹肌缺损的研究

实验用兔10只、绵羊2只、驴3头,分别切除一定面积的腹肌,然后用碳纤维网修补。结果:7只兔和2只绵羊的创口均取第一期愈合,碳纤维网被组织包埋且结合紧密,其间有一薄层炎性反应区;驴的皮肤创口手术后8d愈合,碳纤维网未被包埋,于8～13d经排液孔拉出,30～31d内部组织愈合。实验表明,碳纤维网在兔和绵羊体内1个月不发生变化,组织相容性较好,可作为腹肌缺损的修补材料。在驴只能作为组织修复的支持物。     

驴胎皮肤继代细胞核型的初步分析与鉴定

对18代驴胎皮肤继代细胞染色体作了初步分析与鉴定。精确计数分析结果为二倍体61％,多倍体3.7％,亚二倍体15％,超二倍体6％,断裂1％;核型分析为62/XY型。     

青海高原10种草食家畜血红蛋白的比较电泳

采用醋酸纤维素薄膜电泳法对青海高原10种草食家畜的血红蛋白(Hb)进行了比较研究。结果表明:(1)牛有三种Hb成分(A、B和C),构成HbA,AB,AC,B和BC五种表型;(2)牦牛有Hb F和S两种成分,构成单一的Hb FS型;(3)双峰驼有三种Hb成分(A,B_1和B_2),构成Hb A-B_1和A-B_1B_2两种表型;(4)梅花鹿和马鹿呈单一的Hb A型;(5)白唇鹿有Hb F和S两种成分,构成单一的Hb PS型;(6)马有Hb A_1和A_2两种成分,构成Hb A_1,Hb A_1~+A_2~-,Hb A_1A_2和Hb A_1~-A_2~+四种表型;(7)驴呈单一的Hb A_2型;(8)绵羊有三种Hb成分(A,B和C),构成Hb A,AB,B和AC四种表型;(9)山羊呈单一的Hb A型;(10)牛Hb B和马Hb A_1成分的相对电泳迁移率最大,双峰驼Hb B_2成分的迁移率最小。     

驴急性放射病的病理学研究

对3组6匹(每组2匹)驴,分别给予300、200和100拉德~(60)Co—γ线单侧一次全身照射,均发生以造血组织损伤为主的急性放射病。病变主要特点是造血组织、淋巴组织和肠粘膜组织呈现萎缩与坏死,小血管扩张、充血出血,中、小动脉壁血浆浸润,胃肠道粘膜层内的微菌落和肺的乏粒细胞性炎。照射剂量与临床、病理损伤度三者呈平行关系。